psychology approches Flashcards
what are the key assumptions to the behaviourist approach
THE BEHAVIOURISM APPROACH BELIEVES ALL BEHAVIOUR SHOULD BE STUDIED THAT CAN BE SEEN (OBSERVED) I
introspection WAS REJECTED DUE TO FOR IT BEING SUBJECTIVE
ALL BEHAVIOURAL EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE IN CONTROLLED LAB STUDIES
THEY USE ANIMALS AND HUMANS AS THEY BELIEVE WE LEARN THE SAME WAY
two studies for the behaviourist approach
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING- LEARNING THROUGH ASSOCIATION- PAVLOV RESEARCH. HE HAD DOGS WHO SALIVATED TO UCS (FOOD) AND THEN BROUGHT A BELL (UCS)
BUT THEN HE TOOK AWAY THE UCS (FOOD) AND KEPT THE BELL (CS) WHICH THEY STILL SELECTED (CR)
OPERANT CONDITIONING LEARNING THROUGH CONSEQUENCES. SKINNER’S BOX: HE HAD RATS IN A BOX WHICH WHILST EXPERIENCING THEY PULLED THE LEVER AND GOT GIVEN FOOD (POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT). THE SECOND BOX THE RATS GOT ELECTROCUTED AND WHEN PULLED THE LEVER THE ELECTROCUTION STOPPED (NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT)
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT: POSITIVE/NEGATIVE AND PUNISHMENT
strengths of the behaviourist approach (real world)
The approach also has real life application- the aims and outcomes of behaviourist approach has been applied to many real world situations.
The token of economic systems reward appropriate behaviour in exchange of tokens for incentives this stems from operant conditioning.
This has been successfully used in prisons and psychiatric wards for e.g if a prisoner attends therapy may rewarded extra free time.
Treements like this are useful for those who cannot understand their conditions
strengths of the behaviourist approach (scientific)
A strength is that it has scientific credibility- this approach puts emphasis on observable behavior within controlled settings.
the approach emphasis on the importance of science in the process such as objectivity and replication.
Because wudts study did not have that it was rejected by behaviourists. All behaviour is studied in high controlled lab settings making sure extencious variables are controlled
which gives behaviourist scientific credibility
Limitation of the behaviourist approach (mechanistic view)
Limitation 2 (unethical)
Limitation 3 (deterministic)
1) A limitation of the approach that it portrays a mechanistic view. Animals and human are seen like passive respondents to the environment with little insight into to their conscious behaviour. Other approaches like social learning theory and cognitive approach have placed emphasis on the mental processes in behaviour which has been proven however rejected by behaviourism. The processes that mediate show learning is much more complex than just observing
2) A limitation of the approach that it portrays a mechanistic view. Animals and human are seen like passive respondents to the environment with little insight into to their conscious behaviour. Other approaches like social learning theory and cognitive approach have placed emphasis on the mental processes in behaviour which has been proven however rejected by behaviourism. The processes that mediate show learning is much more complex than just observing
3) ANOTHER limitation is that it is form of environmental determinism. This approach is focused on past behaviour determining actions and ignores free will. Skinner suggested that free will was an illusion and when an incident happens the way we react is based on how we was conditioned beforehand. This is an extreme position and ignores influence of free will and decision making cognitively.
key assumptions of social learning theory
THIS APPROACH AGREED WITH BEHAVIOURIST THAT LEARNING OCCURS THROUGH EXPERIENCE . BUT HE BELIEVES LEARNING HAPPENS THROUGH OBSERVATION AND IMITATION OF OTHERS.
VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT- LEARNING THROUGH OBSERVATION OF OTHERS BEHAVIOUR AND TAKE CONSEQUENCES INTO CONSIDERATION. POSITIVE BEHAVIOUR IS LIKELY TO BE REPEATED.
MEDIATION PROCESS- THIS OCCURS IN BETWEEN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS; ATTENTION, RETENTION, REPRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION.
IDENTIFICATION WITH ROLE MODELS- CHILDREN ARE LIKELY TO IMITATE THE BEHAVIOURS WHOM THEY IDENTIFY WITH. SUCH ROLE MODELS SHARE SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS
bobo doll study
BANDURA BOBO DOLL- CHILDREN WATCHED AN ADULT BE AGGRESSIVE TO A BOBO DOLL AND LATER FOUND CHILDREN IMITATED IT
BOBO DOLL 2- 3 GROUPS ONE WERE REWARDED FOR HITTING THE DOLL SECOND PUNISHED- 3 CONSEQUENCE. 1 AND 3 REPEATED WHO WITNESSED
strengths social learning theory 1 (Cognitive factors)
A strength is that is places huge importance of cognitive factors on learning.
Classical conditioning or operant conditioning can not explain human behaviour alone because cognitive factors are included.
Humans and animals store information of what they witness to make judgments when it’s appropriate to do so.
Slt provides a more a complete explanation for learning and behaviourist approach by recognising mediational process
stregnth 2 social learning theory media influence
Another strength is that it can explain the media influence on behaviour. Through identification and the bobo doll experiment we can see how individuals replicate behaviour based on what they witness and e.g is the james bulger case where two 10 years olds imitated behaviour they witnessed which can now be explained through the social learning theory
Limiation 1 social learning theory (heavily on lab)
Limiation 2 (unethical)
Limitation 3 (nature vs nuture)
limitation is that it relies too heavily on controlled lab studies. Many of bendru study was around childrens toys but raises a problem of demand characteristics. Children may have clicked on to the aim of the study as well as the fact that bobo dolls are there to be hit so is the outcomes valid? Thus the research tells us little on children’s aggression
also unethical as part of bps is that it should not harm the participant and because of the children ages and that they cannot consent this study would have damaged them psychologically
Nature vs nurture plays a role in debating on the social learning theory. The idea that is it the environment they are growing up in or the genes.
cognitive approach key assumptions
- They want to investigate human behaviour through internal mental processes
- Cog psychologist believe that all internal mental processes should be scientifically studied
Because these things are private they use inferences to make assumptions
-Theoretical and computer models useful
Theoretical= abstract uses msm wwm to look at these processes in formation of memories they are scientific because they test predictions
- Information processing approach breaks it down into 3 simple stimuli - input, output,retrieval
Computer models are used to compare humans. - Role of the schema is that it’s based on how we behave based upon experiences. Babies born with motor schema
- Emergence of neuroscience. Pet scans and mri. Help monitor brain activity live.
S 1 of cognitive approach (scientific)
S 2 of the approach (practical application)
1) Cognitive psychologists have always used controlled and rigorous methods of study in order to infer to the cog processes. This has enabled psychologists to combine two fields of psychology together. E.g biology and psychology for neuroscience. This has made it scientifically credible
2) Another strength is that it has practical validity embedded in the approach. Cog psychology is perhaps one of the most dominant approaches in psychology today used in a variety of modern context one of the wider topics is in artificial iteligece is may help in how we live in the future. Also been useful in therapies like cbt and help explains reasons to some mental illnesses.
L 1 of the cogntive approach (counterpoint on schema)
L 2 of the approach (reductionist)
L3 (lacks ecological validty)
L4 counterpoint on scientifc
1) A debate/ counterpoint raised on this is that if the schemas based on experiences and he s shape the way we think then how do some therapies like cbt change the way u think? But it also can be argued that the cbt method in therapy focuses on one aspect of thinking e.g trauma whereas schema looks at the whole thing
2) Another limitation is reductionism the cog approaches focuses on just one pat of human behaviour operates which is internal mental process and ignore free will and environmental factors on behaviour making the cog approach on bevel hour too simplified and narrow
3) A limitation is that it lacks ecological validity as it based on a false sense on how things like memory work. Memory tests provide unreasonable responsive as the aricent may be nervous and underperform and do not reflect on how memory operates in real world this would make the cog approach lack ecological validity
4) A debate/ counterpoint is that the whole approach cannot be scientifically credible if behavior is determined by inferences which is not observable and subjective but can be surged that neuroscience has made this possible.
biological approach key assumptions
- EVERYTHING PSYCHOLOGICAL IS FIRST BIOLOGICAL- IF YOU WANT TO FULLY WANT TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR WE NEED TO LOOK AT BIOLOGICAL FACTORS FIRST.
- BEHAVIOUR HAS.
BEHAVIOUR HAS A GENETIC AND NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS. BEHAVIOUR IS INHERITED THE SAME WAY AS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. - NEUROCHEMISTRY EXPLAINS BEHAVIOUR FOR E.G LOW LEVELS OF SEROTONIN FOR OCD
THE MIND AND THE BODY ARE ONE ARE THE SAME. - FROM A BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE THE MIND LIVES IN THE BRAIN MEANING ALL THOUGHT AND FEELING HAVE A PHYSICAL BASIS
- TWIN STUDIES ARE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR: CONCORDANCE RATES BETWEEN TWINS ARE CALCULATED THE EXTENT TO WHICH TWINS SHare the same characteristics. Higher correspondence rates in magnetic twins then dizogentic.
- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE. A PERSON’S GENOTYPE IS ACTUAL GENETIC MAKEUP. PHENOTYPE IS THE WAY ITS EXPRESSED . THE EXPRESSION OF GENOTYPE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENT.
- THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION IS USED BY BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EXPLAIN MANY ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOUR: CHARLES DARWIN PROPOSE THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION. ANY GENETICALLY DETERMINED BEHAVIOUR THAT ENHANCES SURVIVAL AND RESPONSE WILL BE PASSED ONTO NEXT GENERATIONS.
S 1 for the biological approach (scientifc)
S (real world)
1) One strength is that it uses scientific methods of study. In order to study genetics and biological factors on behaviour. The biological approach uses scientific methods that are controlled and done precisely. This includes scanning techniques e.g mri and drug trials and makes it to test behavior biologically and in unbiased way. This means that the biological approach has reliable data
2) Another strength is that it has real life application. Understanding of biochemicals like neurotransmitters has led to antipsychotic drugs to treat serious mental conditions like depression. Although not effective for all it has help many live normal lives rather then in hospital
