Psychology and Sociology Flashcards
layers of the skull
skin, periosteum, bone, dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia matter
primary motor cortex location
precentral gyrus just in front of central sulcus tat divides frontal and parietal lobes, it initiates voluntary motor movement by sending neural impules down spinal cord, some areas take up more space than others depending on need for fine motor control
broca’s area
most commonly on left side of frontal lobe (though can be on right depending on dominance) fundamental to speech formation
somatosensory cortex
located on the psotcentral gyrus just behind the central sulcus part of the parietal lobe part of somatocsensory information processing
wernicke’s area
associated with language reception and comprehension on the temporal lobe, usually on the left side dominant hemisphere
basal ganglia
helsp mainain smooth movemens and maintain postural stability, with loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia will see parkinsons
dopamine and schizophrenia
theory that this mental illness occurs due to too much dopamine or oversensitivity to it in the brain
GABA and glycine
gamma aminobutyric acid produces inhibitory post synaptic potentials thought to play a role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain, causes hyperpolarization of the psotsynaptic membrane, glycnie increase chloride influx into neuron also hyperpolarizing
glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter has numerous functions in the body including bonding ndma receptors
innate behavior vs learned behavior
genetically programmedas a result of evolutionand seen in individuals regardless of environment or experiences, vs based on experience and environment
family studies
assume thatgenetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals so researcher compare rates of a given trait among family members to those among unrelated individuals, limited in that they annot distinguish environental factors from genetic factors
twin studies
compare concordance rates (likelihood of both twins exhibiting same trait) between identical and fraternal twins
primitive reflexes that dissapear with age
rooting reflex - automatic turning of head in direction of stimulus that touches cheek such as nipple during feeding
moro - flinging arms out in response to abrupt movements of their head
babinski - toes spread apart when sole of foot is stimulated
grasping reflex - fingers close arond objects placed in hands
sensation vs perception
sensation aligns with transduction which is conversion of physical stimuli of the external environment into electrical signals of the nervous system. Perception is processing this information to make sense of its significance
common types of sensory receptors
photoreceptors - respond to EMS waves
hair cells - respond to movement of fluid in inner ear structures
nociceptors - respond to pain or noxious stimuli
thermoreceptors - respond to changes in temp
osmoreceptors - respond to osmolarity of blood
olfactory receptors - respond to scent
taste receptors - respond to dissolved compounds
types of threshold (3)
absolute - minimum stimulus energy needed to activate sensory system, does not always impact perception** think subliminal
threshold of conscious perception - the threshold to cause conscious acknowledgement of a stimulus
Difference threshold - minimum difference in maagnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive the difference
weber’s law
there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a just-noticable-differenece and the magnitude of the original stimulus, generally accurate for all sensory modalities except extreme high and low ends of each range
rods and cones
cones are used for color vision and see small fine details, rods are for reduced light permitting night vision
the medial receptors of the eye (which are seeing the temporal vision) do what at the optic chiasm
cross, then they become part of the optic tract
parallel processing
ability to simultaneously analyze and cobine info regarding color, shape, and motion, when compared to our memories to determien what is being viewed
ciliary body and cilliary muslce
produces aqueous humor that bathes the front part of the eye before draining into canal of schlemm, muscle is under parasympathetic control and as it contracts it pulls on suspensory ligaments to change shape of lens allowing for accomodation
vitrious humor
transparent gel that supports the retina
3 ossicle bones and their order
tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes oval window
parts of the inner ear (3)
cochlea - hearing apparatus with organ of corti on a baasilar membrane with hair cells bathed in endolymph, has a round window to permit movement
vestibule - utricle and saccule for linear accelerations with otoliths that resist with motion
semicircular canals - rotational accelearation judged by swelling on the end called ampulla with hair cells so that different rotations can be detected