Psychology and Sociology Flashcards
sympathetic nervous system response
- increased heart rate
- blood to muscles for movement
- increased blood glucose concentration
- relax bronchi
- decreased digestion and peristalsis
- eyes dilate
- release epinephrine into blood stream
CT scan
X-rays like
PET scan
radioactive sugar to label
MRI
hydrogen atoms –> magnetic field
fMRI
blood flow, neuronal activation
GABA
inhibitory
stabilize neural activity
causes HYPERPOLARIZATION of post synaptic membrane
glycine (brain)
inhibitory
increase chloride ion influx
HYPERPOLARIZATION
glutamate (brain)
EXCITATORY
seratonin
mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming
increased –> mania
decreased –> depression
acetylcholine
transmit nerve impulses
epinephrine
(adrenaline)
act as a hormone
fight or flight
norepinephrine
more local repsonse
decreased leads to depression
increased leads to anxiety and mania
dopamine
movement and posture (basal ganglia)
increased –> schizophrenia (tall dopey skiing)
decreased –> Parkinson’s (short dopey parking car)
classical conditioning
biology instinctual responses to create association between 2 unrelated stimuli
UCS –> UCR
|
|
CS –> CR
extinction
present conditioned stimulus without the UCS
operant conditioning
punishment and reinforcement
behaviorism
ranking of reinforcement schedule
best to worst
- variable ratio
- fixed ratio
- variable interval
- fixed interval
fixed-ratio
reinforce after specific number of performance of behavior
variable ratio
reinforce after varying number of performances of behavior
VR = variable ratio VR = very rapid, very resistant to extinciton
fixed-interval
WORST
reinforce 1st instance of behavior after specific time period has elapsed
variable-interval
reinforce behavior the first time it is performed after a varying interval of time
human memory (4)
sensory
short term
working
long term
long term memory
explicit and implicit | | declarative procedural | episodic or semantic
symbolic interactionism
how we use symbols to interact with each other
*hand gestures, traffic signs
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
social constructionism
how we as a society construct concepts and principles
ex: money, gender roles, justice
rational choice theory
make choices to further self-interests
micro to meso
conflict theory
macro
inevitable conflicts between groups in society
*competition over resources
structural functionalism (functionalist theory)
how large societies survive over time –> social cohesion and stability
phenomena in terms of their function for society
manifest function
intended consequence of actions of group within society (benefit)
latent function
unintended but beneficial consequences
dysfunction
negative consequences
age dependency ratio
over 60 / # 15-65
fertility rates
children per woman per lifetime
birth rate
children per 1000 people per year
mortality rate
deaths per 1000 people per year
migration rate
immigration - emigration
demographic transition
demographic shift
the country develops from preindustrial to industrial economic system
decrease birth rate and death rates
increased total population
cognitive dissonance
causes distress when behaviors don’t align with beliefs
*more likely to change beliefs than change behavior
if new info contradicts behavior, more likely to reject new info than change behavior
4 tenets of medical ethics
- beneficience (patient’s best interest)
- nonmaleficence (do no harm)
- respect for patient autonomy (respect decisions)
- justice (treat patients with similar care)
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
sensory and physiological response to stimuli –> simultaneous and separate
James Lange theory of emotion
sensory response –> physiological response –> emotion
how do stereotypes spread?
socialization
social cognitive theory
people learn through observation
fundamental attribution error
people overemphasize dispositional (internal) attributes to explain behavior and underestimate situational (external) attributes
*OTHERS BEHAVIORS
Wernicke’s area
damage causes jumbled speech
*cannot understand
Broca’s area
can understand but unable to speak
representative heuristic
attribute characteristics of a group that an individual belongs to to said individual
Parkinson’s is associated with
cell death in substantia nigra (important for dopamine production)
Alzheimer’s is associate with …
depletion of choline acetyl transferase
*catalyzes synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic neurons
impression management
attempt to control how others see us
cognitive appraisal
subjection evaluation of situation that induces stress
primary: is there a threat?
lead to secondary if yes
secondary: emotional response to threat
confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that fits beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
brain disorder caused by a deficiency in thiamine (due to alcohol use)
- severe memory impairment
- changes in mental status and motor control
4 stages of demographic transition
1: preindustrial HIGH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
2: economic progress DEATH RATES DECREASE
3: improvements: BIRTH RATES DECREASE
4: industrialized society LOW BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
Hawk-Dove game
access to shared resources
hawk: fighter
dove: fight avoidance
* weigh magnitude of reward and cost of fighting
Yerkes-Dodson Law
optimal arousal for a strong performance
- too much and impaired due to anxiety
*simple tasks require higher arousal than complex ones
group polarization
tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas
*risker or more cautious ideas
biological theory of language acquisition
innate capacity for language
- critical period for language acquisition
behaviorist theory of language acquisition
operant conditioning, reinforcement
social interactionist theory of language acquistion
child’s desire to communicate
cluster A personality disorders
odd or eccentric behavior
paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
paranoid personality disorder
distrust of others
schizoid personality disorder
detached, restricted emotional range
schizotypal personality disorder
odd/eccentric thinking
cluster B personality disorders
dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
antisocial personality disorder
disregard for others
borderline personality disorder
instability in behavior, mood, self-image
histrionic personality disorder
attention-seeking behavior
narcissistic personality disorder
grandiose sense of self
cluster C personality disorders
anxious or fearful behavior
avoidant, dependent, OCPD
avoidant personality disorder
shyness, fear of rejection
dependent personality disorder
need for reassurance
OCPD
perfectionist, rules, order
retina
photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information
lens
control refraction of incoming light
cornea
gathers and focuses incoming light
iris
constricts pupil
state dependency effect
when conditions (mental/emotional) when memory was encoded are replicated, it helps to retrieve memory
dual-coding effect
easier to retrieve verbal items that have an image associated with them
spreading activation theory
when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, it spreads to concepts related to it
*retrieve members of same category
reticular activation system
part of central nervous system!
arousal (sleep/wake) and attention, alertness
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
- formal operational stage (11 years on)
sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
object permanence: objects continue to exist even when out of view
repetitive body movements (circular reactions)
preoperational stage
2-7 years
symbolic thinking (imagination)
egocentrism (cannot imagine what others feel)
conservation: physical amount remains the same even if shape/appearance changes
concrete operational stage
7-11 years
can understand conservation and consider perspectives of others
logical thinking (BUT NO ABSTRACT)
formal operation stage
11 years on
think logically about abstract ideas
problem solve
hypothetical reasoning
how are the gates of ion channels depolarized in hair cells of cochlea?
mechanically
vibration of hair cell causes tension in cell membrane that activates ion channels responsible for auditory signaling
chemically gated channels
binding of molecule to ion channel
smelling, tasting
electrically gated channels
change in membrane potential
action potentials
actor-observer bias
tendency to attribute one’s OWN actions to situational factors (EXTERNAL) and attribute OTHER’S behavior to dispositional factors (INTERNAL)
what is a good way to measure sympathetic arousal?
electrical conductivity of the skin
general adaptation syndrome
stress response always follows a similar course
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
hippocampus
memory
hypothalamus
process SNS inputs
control endocrine
cerebellum
motor tasks
validity
did you measure what you intended to measure
reliability
consistency of scores
basic group dynamics
larger groups are more stable but less intimate
smaller groups are less stable but more intimate
triad is more stable than dyad
caste systems
closed stratification systems
class systems
status systems, but not closed
Erikson’s stages of development
trust vs. mistrust (0-1) autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6) industry vs. inferiority (6-12) identity vs. role confusion (12-20) intimacy vs. isolation (20-40) generativity vs. stagnation (40-65) integrity vs. despair (65 on)
Schacter-Singer Theory (two-factor theory)
arousal and label feeling –> emotion
“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone is happy”
James Lange theory
arousal –> emotion
Cannon-Bard
simultaneous emotion and arousal –> action
“I see a snake, so I fell afraid and my heart is racing”
linguistic relativity (Whorf-Sapir hypothesis)
language affects the way we think
peg word system
associate number with objects that rhyme
multistore memory model
how memory works
sensory –> short term –> long term
retrograde memory
ability to remember information before brain injury
anterograde memory
ability to form long-term memories after brain injury
which theory?
participant felt general excitement and simultaneously experience physical symptoms of autonomic arousal (racing heart)
Cannon-Bard
which theory?
participants experienced physical symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as racing heart, and then they reported that they felt afraid
James-Lange
Patient feels ignored by doctor who is busy. Doctor misinterprets this as a sign of patient’s hostility.
What explains this scenario?
symbolic interactionism
token economy
rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for good stimuli
