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Psychology and Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

sympathetic nervous system response

A
  • increased heart rate
  • blood to muscles for movement
  • increased blood glucose concentration
  • relax bronchi
  • decreased digestion and peristalsis
  • eyes dilate
  • release epinephrine into blood stream
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2
Q

CT scan

A

X-rays like

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3
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive sugar to label

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4
Q

MRI

A

hydrogen atoms –> magnetic field

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5
Q

fMRI

A

blood flow, neuronal activation

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6
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory
stabilize neural activity
causes HYPERPOLARIZATION of post synaptic membrane

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7
Q

glycine (brain)

A

inhibitory
increase chloride ion influx
HYPERPOLARIZATION

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8
Q

glutamate (brain)

A

EXCITATORY

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9
Q

seratonin

A

mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming

increased –> mania
decreased –> depression

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10
Q

acetylcholine

A

transmit nerve impulses

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11
Q

epinephrine

A

(adrenaline)
act as a hormone
fight or flight

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12
Q

norepinephrine

A

more local repsonse

decreased leads to depression
increased leads to anxiety and mania

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13
Q

dopamine

A

movement and posture (basal ganglia)
increased –> schizophrenia (tall dopey skiing)
decreased –> Parkinson’s (short dopey parking car)

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14
Q

classical conditioning

A

biology instinctual responses to create association between 2 unrelated stimuli

UCS –> UCR
|
|
CS –> CR

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15
Q

extinction

A

present conditioned stimulus without the UCS

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16
Q

operant conditioning

A

punishment and reinforcement

behaviorism

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17
Q

ranking of reinforcement schedule

best to worst

A
  1. variable ratio
  2. fixed ratio
  3. variable interval
  4. fixed interval
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18
Q

fixed-ratio

A

reinforce after specific number of performance of behavior

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19
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforce after varying number of performances of behavior

VR = variable ratio
VR = very rapid, very resistant to extinciton
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20
Q

fixed-interval

A

WORST

reinforce 1st instance of behavior after specific time period has elapsed

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21
Q

variable-interval

A

reinforce behavior the first time it is performed after a varying interval of time

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22
Q

human memory (4)

A

sensory
short term
working
long term

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23
Q

long term memory

A 
explicit and implicit
|                          |
declarative       procedural
|
episodic or semantic
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24
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

how we use symbols to interact with each other
*hand gestures, traffic signs
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

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25
social constructionism
how we as a society construct concepts and principles | ex: money, gender roles, justice
26
rational choice theory
make choices to further self-interests | micro to meso
27
conflict theory
macro inevitable conflicts between groups in society *competition over resources
28
structural functionalism (functionalist theory)
how large societies survive over time --> social cohesion and stability phenomena in terms of their function for society
29
manifest function
intended consequence of actions of group within society (benefit)
30
latent function
unintended but beneficial consequences
31
dysfunction
negative consequences
32
age dependency ratio
over 60 / # 15-65
33
fertility rates
children per woman per lifetime
34
birth rate
children per 1000 people per year
35
mortality rate
deaths per 1000 people per year
36
migration rate
immigration - emigration
37
demographic transition
demographic shift the country develops from preindustrial to industrial economic system decrease birth rate and death rates increased total population
38
cognitive dissonance
causes distress when behaviors don't align with beliefs *more likely to change beliefs than change behavior if new info contradicts behavior, more likely to reject new info than change behavior
39
4 tenets of medical ethics
1. beneficience (patient's best interest) 2. nonmaleficence (do no harm) 3. respect for patient autonomy (respect decisions) 4. justice (treat patients with similar care)
40
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
sensory and physiological response to stimuli --> simultaneous and separate
41
James Lange theory of emotion
sensory response --> physiological response --> emotion
42
how do stereotypes spread?
socialization
43
social cognitive theory
people learn through observation
44
fundamental attribution error
people overemphasize dispositional (internal) attributes to explain behavior and underestimate situational (external) attributes *OTHERS BEHAVIORS
45
Wernicke's area
damage causes jumbled speech | *cannot understand
46
Broca's area
can understand but unable to speak
47
representative heuristic
attribute characteristics of a group that an individual belongs to to said individual
48
Parkinson's is associated with
cell death in substantia nigra (important for dopamine production)
49
Alzheimer's is associate with ...
depletion of choline acetyl transferase *catalyzes synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic neurons
50
impression management
attempt to control how others see us
51
cognitive appraisal
subjection evaluation of situation that induces stress primary: is there a threat? lead to secondary if yes secondary: emotional response to threat
52
confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that fits beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them
53
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
brain disorder caused by a deficiency in thiamine (due to alcohol use) - severe memory impairment - changes in mental status and motor control
54
4 stages of demographic transition
1: preindustrial HIGH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES 2: economic progress DEATH RATES DECREASE 3: improvements: BIRTH RATES DECREASE 4: industrialized society LOW BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
55
Hawk-Dove game
access to shared resources hawk: fighter dove: fight avoidance * weigh magnitude of reward and cost of fighting
56
Yerkes-Dodson Law
optimal arousal for a strong performance - too much and impaired due to anxiety *simple tasks require higher arousal than complex ones
57
group polarization
tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas *risker or more cautious ideas
58
biological theory of language acquisition
innate capacity for language | - critical period for language acquisition
59
behaviorist theory of language acquisition
operant conditioning, reinforcement
60
social interactionist theory of language acquistion
child's desire to communicate
61
cluster A personality disorders
odd or eccentric behavior | paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
62
paranoid personality disorder
distrust of others
63
schizoid personality disorder
detached, restricted emotional range
64
schizotypal personality disorder
odd/eccentric thinking
65
cluster B personality disorders
dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior | antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
66
antisocial personality disorder
disregard for others
67
borderline personality disorder
instability in behavior, mood, self-image
68
histrionic personality disorder
attention-seeking behavior
69
narcissistic personality disorder
grandiose sense of self
70
cluster C personality disorders
anxious or fearful behavior | avoidant, dependent, OCPD
71
avoidant personality disorder
shyness, fear of rejection
72
dependent personality disorder
need for reassurance
73
OCPD
perfectionist, rules, order
74
retina
photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information
75
lens
control refraction of incoming light
76
cornea
gathers and focuses incoming light
77
iris
constricts pupil
78
state dependency effect
when conditions (mental/emotional) when memory was encoded are replicated, it helps to retrieve memory
79
dual-coding effect
easier to retrieve verbal items that have an image associated with them
80
spreading activation theory
when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, it spreads to concepts related to it *retrieve members of same category
81
reticular activation system
part of central nervous system! | arousal (sleep/wake) and attention, alertness
82
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor (0-2 years) 2. preoperational stage (2-7 years) 3. concrete operational stage (7-11 years) 4. formal operational stage (11 years on)
83
sensorimotor stage
0-2 years object permanence: objects continue to exist even when out of view repetitive body movements (circular reactions)
84
preoperational stage
2-7 years symbolic thinking (imagination) egocentrism (cannot imagine what others feel) conservation: physical amount remains the same even if shape/appearance changes
85
concrete operational stage
7-11 years can understand conservation and consider perspectives of others logical thinking (BUT NO ABSTRACT)
86
formal operation stage
11 years on think logically about abstract ideas problem solve hypothetical reasoning
87
how are the gates of ion channels depolarized in hair cells of cochlea?
mechanically | vibration of hair cell causes tension in cell membrane that activates ion channels responsible for auditory signaling
88
chemically gated channels
binding of molecule to ion channel | smelling, tasting
89
electrically gated channels
change in membrane potential | action potentials
90
actor-observer bias
tendency to attribute one's OWN actions to situational factors (EXTERNAL) and attribute OTHER'S behavior to dispositional factors (INTERNAL)
91
what is a good way to measure sympathetic arousal?
electrical conductivity of the skin
92
general adaptation syndrome
stress response always follows a similar course 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion
93
hippocampus
memory
94
hypothalamus
process SNS inputs | control endocrine
95
cerebellum
motor tasks
96
validity
did you measure what you intended to measure
97
reliability
consistency of scores
98
basic group dynamics
larger groups are more stable but less intimate smaller groups are less stable but more intimate triad is more stable than dyad
99
caste systems
closed stratification systems
100
class systems
status systems, but not closed
101
Erikson's stages of development
``` trust vs. mistrust (0-1) autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6) industry vs. inferiority (6-12) identity vs. role confusion (12-20) intimacy vs. isolation (20-40) generativity vs. stagnation (40-65) integrity vs. despair (65 on) ```
102
Schacter-Singer Theory (two-factor theory)
arousal and label feeling --> emotion | "I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone is happy"
103
James Lange theory
arousal --> emotion
104
Cannon-Bard
simultaneous emotion and arousal --> action | "I see a snake, so I fell afraid and my heart is racing"
105
linguistic relativity (Whorf-Sapir hypothesis)
language affects the way we think
106
peg word system
associate number with objects that rhyme
107
multistore memory model
how memory works | sensory --> short term --> long term
108
retrograde memory
ability to remember information before brain injury
109
anterograde memory
ability to form long-term memories after brain injury
110
which theory? | participant felt general excitement and simultaneously experience physical symptoms of autonomic arousal (racing heart)
Cannon-Bard
111
which theory? participants experienced physical symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as racing heart, and then they reported that they felt afraid
James-Lange
112
Patient feels ignored by doctor who is busy. Doctor misinterprets this as a sign of patient's hostility. What explains this scenario?
symbolic interactionism
113
token economy
rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for good stimuli

MCAT (5 decks)

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