Chemistry and Physics Flashcards
log x
ln x / 2.303
log (n x 10^m)
m + 0.n
Junction Rule
sum of currents entering = sum of currents leaving
Loop Rule
sum of voltage sources = sum of voltage drops
Ohm’s Law
V=IR
Resistance
R = ρ L/ A
Power of resistor
P = IV
Resistors in Series
V = V1 + V2 + V3 I = I1 = I2 = I3 R = R1 + R2 + R3
Resistors in parallel
V = V1 = V2 = V3 I = I1 + I2 + I3 I/R = I/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
capacitance & units
C = Q/V
units 1 F = 1 C/V
capacitance in terms of area and distance
what is constant?
C = ε0 A / d
8.85 x 10^-12
uniform electric field formula
E = V/d
dielectric material
insulator –> shields opposite charges from each other
capacitance increases and voltage decreases
capacitors in series
total capacitance decreases as more capacitors are added
1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
total voltage = sum of individual voltages
capacitors in parallel
capacitance increases as more capacitors are added
C = C1 + C2 + C3
voltage is sum of all the individual voltages
newton’s first law
F net = 0
newton’s second law
F net = ma
newton’s third law
FAB = -FBA
F B on A = - F A on B
kinematic formulas
v = v0 + at x = v0t + (1/2)at^2 v^2 = v0^2 + 2aΔx
specific gravity
density of fluid compared to pure water
SG = ρ / 1 g/cm^3
absolute pressure formula
P = P0 + ρgh
absolute pressure = ambient pressure + buoyant force
gauge pressure
Pgauge = P - Patm = (P0 + pgh) - Patm
pascal’s principle
P = F1/A1 P = F2/A2
archimedes principle
Fbuoy = ρ fluid V fluid displaced g = ρ fluid V submerged g
venturi flow meter
height of tube remains constant
area goes down, velocity goes up
velocity goes up, pressure goes down
atomic number
number of protons
mass number
protons and neutrons
what energy level are electrons removed from?
electrons are removed from the highest energy level first ( d > p > s)
paramagnetic
parallel spins in unpaired electrons
weakly attracted to magnetic field
diamagnetic
paired electrons
slightly repelled by magnetic field
redox reactions (and agents)
OIL: oxidation is loss of electrons
RIG: reduction is gain of electrons
oxidizing agents ==> strongly electronegative agents
reducing agents ==> metal ions or hydrides
Faraday’s law
1 mol of metal M(s) produced if n moles of electrons are supplied to one mole of M^n+
Faraday constant
1 F = 96,485 C
1 F = 10^5 C / mol e-
galvanic cell (anode/cathode)
ANODE (negative)
CATHODE (positive)
in all electrochemical cells: electrons flow from ____ to _____
anode to cathode
electrolytic cell (anode/cathode)
ANODE (positive)
CATHODE (negative)
cations attracted to ______
anions attracted to _______
cathode (reduction) gain electrons
anode (oxidation) give up electrons
Bronsted Lowry (His)
acid donates H+
base accepts H+
Lewis (e)
acid accepts e-
base donates e-
Snell’s law
bending of light
n1 X sinθ1 = n2 X sinθ2
total internal reflection
all of incident light is reflected
Doppler effect - light
as the source moves toward you, the frequency increases
for reflection, relate angle of incidence and angle of reflection
they are equal
how do plane mirrors reflect incident light?
all in the same way
relate mirror and lens
concave mirrors and like convex lens
convex mirrors are like concave lens
concave mirrors
CONVERGE image is inverted and real image appears larger focal distance (-) object distance (+) image distance (+)
convex mirrors
DIVERGE image upright and virtual image appears smaller focal distance (-) object distance (+) image distance (-)
spherical mirror - focal length
relate f, o and I
focal length = radius of curvature/2
1/f = 1/i - 1/o
convex lens
CONVERGE inverted and real image focal distance (+) object distance (+) image distance (+)
concave lens
DIVERGE upright and virtual object distance (+) image distance (-) focal distance (-)
mirror formulas (height)
i/o = hi / ho (relate height of image and object)
determine magnification
lens formulas (magnification)
magnification
M = h’/h = -i/o
strong acid has a ____ conjugate base
weak
strong base has a _____ conjugate acid
weak
weak acid has a _____ conjugate base
weak
how does myelin act like a capacitor?
increases thickness of lipid bilayer around axon
increased distance between 2 “plates”
decreases capacitance across, so impulse travels faster down axon
exothermic rxn: Kc decreases with an increase in temperature
which way does reaction shift?
left toward reactants
exothermic rxn: Kc increases with an decrease in temperature
which way does reaction shift?
right toward products
endothermic rxn: Kc increases with an increase in temperature
which way does reaction shift?
right toward products
endothermic rxn: Kc decreases with an decrease in temperature
which way does reaction shift?
left toward reactants
if hot air expands adiabatically, what happens to the density of the air?
decreased density
convection
transfer of heat by physical motion of fluid
flow
*liquids and gases
conduction
direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule
*contact
after 1 half life how much remains:
after 2 half lifes how much remains:
50%
25%
volume and temperature relationship
V ∝ T
systemic vs. pulmonary circulation
systemic: more blood, larger volume –> more pressure on arteries
pulmonary: less blood, smaller volume –> less pressure on arteries
SN2 reaction effect on configuration
INVERSION
R –> S or S –> R
index of refraction
comparing speed of light in different mediums
speed of light / speed of light in medium
energy equation
E = hf
atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
assumption of ideal gases
individual molecular volume and intermolecular forces are negligible
lipase
hydrolyzes triacylglycerides (LIPIDS)
glucose subunits are connected by ______ bonds linearly
alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond
thin lens equation
1/f = 1/i + 1/o
comparing height of object to height of image
hi / ho = I / o
gamma decay
emission of photons by nucleus
beta-plus decay
emission of protons (PLUS)
nuclear fission
emission of neutrons
beta-minus decay
emission of electrons (MINUS)
spontaneous reactions occur when reduction potential is ____
> 0
