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khan academy psych/soc Flashcards

1
Q

binocular cues

A

depth

  • retinal disparity
  • convergence
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2
Q

monocular cues

A

form

  • relative size
  • interposition (overlap)
  • relative height
  • shading and contour
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3
Q

3 things monocular cues help with

A

form of object
motion
constancy (size, shape, and color)

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4
Q

proprioception

A

sense of position of body in space

cognitive

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5
Q

sensory adaptation of sight

A

down regulation: light adaptation

up regulation: dark regulation

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6
Q

down regulation of sight

A

when it is bright, pupils constrict, rods and cones become desensitized to light

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7
Q

up regulation of sight

A

when it is dark, pupils dilated, and rods and cones start to synthesize light sensitive molecules

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8
Q

just noticeable difference

A

threshold at which you can detect a change in sensation

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9
Q

Weber’s law

A

difference threshold is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

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10
Q

absolute threshold of sensation

A

minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

what is absolute threshold influenced by?

A

expectations, experience, motivation, alertness

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12
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

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13
Q

thermoception

A

temperature

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14
Q

mechanoception

A

pressure

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15
Q

nociception

A

pain

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16
Q

intensity

A

how quickly neurons fire for us to notice

slow = low intensity

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17
Q

3 ways of timing

A

non-adapting (constant)
slow-adapting (beginning and then slows)
fast-adapting (start and stop)

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18
Q

vestibular system

A

balance and spatial orientation

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19
Q

signal detection theory

A

discerning between important stimuli and unimportant “noise”

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20
Q

4 options of signal detection theory

A

hit: subject responded when signal was present
false alarm: subject perceived signal when none present
correct rejection: correct negative answer for no signal
miss: negative response to a present signal

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21
Q

strength of signal

A

hit > miss (strong signal)

miss > hit (weak signal)

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22
Q

2 strategies to signal detection

A

conservation: always say no
liberal: always say yes

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23
Q

bottom up processing

A

begins with stimulus

inductive reasoning

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24
Q

top down processing

A

uses background knowledge

deductive reasoning

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25
Gestalt principles
``` similarity pragnanz proximity continuity closure symmetry ```
26
similarity - gestalt
items similar to one another grouped together by brain
27
pragnanz - gestalt
olympic rings, brain organizes into simplest form (5 circles)
28
proximity - gestalt
objects close together are grouped together
29
continuity - gestalt
lines are seen as following the smoothest past
30
closure - gestalt
object grouped together are seen as whole
31
symmetry - gestalt
mind perceives objects as being symmetrical
32
law of common fate
array of dots moving up and array of dots moving down | perceive as two distinct units
33
cornea
outside of eye, bends light
34
aqueous humour
provides pressure to maintain shape of eye | - allows nutrients to supply cells of cornea and iris
35
pupil
changes amount of light able to enter eye
36
iris
constricts/relaxes to change size of pupil
37
lens
bends light to focus on fovea of retina
38
vitreous humour
jelly-like | provide pressure to eyeball and gives nutrients to inside of eyeball
39
macula
part of retina rich in cones
40
fovea
part of retina of only cones, no rods
41
choroid
black pigment | network of blood vessels that nourish retina
42
sclera
whites of eyes
43
how does light reach brain?
light comes into eye, hits rod, which turns it off, which turns on bipolar cell, which turns on retinal ganglion cell, which goes to optic nerve and then brain
44
all right visual info goes to ______
left side of the brain
45
parallel processing
detect/focus all information (color, form, and motion) at the same time
46
to hear sound we need:
``` stimuli (pressurized sound wave) and receptor (hair cell --> cochlea) ```
47
sound pathway
1. outer part of ear PINNA 2. auditory canal 3. eardrum 4. bones vibrate (Malleus, Incus, Stapes) 5. oval window vibrates 6. fluid around the cochlea 7. hair cells move back and form, electric impulse transported by auditory nerve to brain
48
place theory
our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along basilar membrane
49
basilar tuning
varying hair cells in cochlea that allowed distinguishing between high and low frequency sounds (base --> high) (apex --> low)
50
sensory adaptation
change over time of receptor to constant stimulus | - down regulation
51
kinaesthesia
movement of body | behavioral
52
beta waves
awake/concentration | highest frequency
53
alpha
daydreaming
54
theta waves
drowsiness, right after you fall asleep
55
delta waves
lowest frequency | deep sleep
56
order of sleep cycle
4-5 per sleep, length of 90 minutes | N1 --> N2 --> N3 --> N2 --> REM
57
NREM 1
theta waves | strange sensations
58
NREM 2
deeper stage of sleep | more theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes
59
NREM 3
slow wave sleep delta waves sleep walking/talking
60
REM
dreaming memory consolidation paradoxical sleep because brain is active, but body prevents you from doing anything
61
manifest content
literal meaning
62
latent content
hidden meaning
63
4 main categories of psychoactive drugs
depressants stimulants hallucinogens opioids
64
depressants
vasodilator at low amounts vasoconstrictor at high amounts ex: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
65
stimulants
caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine
66
reward pathway
brain release dopamine (produced in ventral tegmental area VTA) dopamine --> amygdala, nucleus accumbens (motor), prefrontal cortex (attention) , and hippocampus
67
external cues of attention
don't have to look for them | bottom-up
68
internal cues of attention
require knowledge and intention to follow cue | top-down
69
cocktail party effect
ability to concentrate on one voice among a crowd | *or when someone call your name
70
change blindness
fail to notice changes from previous to current state in environment
71
signal detection
detect signal, allows response to be primed --> quick actions can be undertaken
72
basal forebrain
includes nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, and medial septal nuclei produce acetylcholine
73
information processing model
brains are like computers INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT bottom-up model limited storage
74
working memory (short-term)
what you are thinking at moment hold 5-9 pieces of info *memory that is stored while it is held in attention
75
two main categories of long term memory
explicit (declarative) and implicit (nondeclarative) memory
76
explicit memory
``` facts/events semantic memory (simple facts) episodic memory (events) ```
77
implicit memory
priming procedural memory *all memories formed by conditioning stored in basal ganglia
78
spreading activation
all ideas in brain are connected together | *pulling up one memory pulls up others as well
79
chunking
group info into meaningful categories | fruits, proteins
80
pegword system
link words that rhyme with a number
81
schema
mental blueprint containing common aspects of the world
82
long-term potentiation
with repeated stimulation, stronger synapse is formed which causes stronger response in postsynaptic neuron LEARNING
83
retroactive interference
new learning impairs old info poRN
84
proactive interference
old info impairs learning of new info | POrn
85
Alzheimer's disease
memory loss attention, planning, semantic memory, and abstract thinking problems buildup of amyloid plaques in brain
86
Korsakoff's Syndrome
lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine | problem forming new memories and recalling old ones
87
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall info previously encoded (old memories)
88
anterograde amnesia
inability to encode new memories
89
retrograde memory
ability to remember experiences before a brain injury | RETRO --> OLD
90
anterograde memory
ability to form long term memories after brain injury | ANTERO --> NEW
91
piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
92
sensorimotor (0-2)
senses and moving around | main task developed: object permanence
93
preoperational (2-6/7)
pretend play | egocentric (only care about themselves)
94
concrete operational (7-11)
learn idea of conservation empathy math skills
95
formal operational (12+)
abstract thinking | moral reasoning
96
heuristics
mental shortcuts | don't guarantee correct answer, but help simply complex problems
97
type I error
false positive
98
type II error
false negative
99
availability heuristic
using examples that come to mind
100
representativeness heuristic
look for most representative answer | look to match prototype (typical)
101
conjunction fallacy
People tend to think the probability of 2 events occurring together is higher than the probability of one alone
102
Belief perseverance
During elections learned about and then ignore facts about someone you like
103
Confirmation bias
Only read stories about how wonderful candidate was

MCAT (5 decks)

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