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KMK Small Guys > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

VA timeline

A

1 week = visual function with flash VEP

1 month = spatial acuity with pattern VEP

6 months = pattern VEP shown to demonstrate 20/20

3-4 years = subjective methods show 20/20

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2
Q

Spatial acuity by forced choice preferential looking

  • 1 mo
  • 1 yr
  • 3-4 yrs
A

1mo: 20/600-1200
1yr: 20/50-60

3-4yr: 20/20

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3
Q

Infant OKN

A

Asymmetric until 3-5mo (incomplete cortical development)

  • normal temp to nasal (“ToNs of movement”)
  • abnorm nasal to temp
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4
Q

Development of vernier and recognition acuity

A

V: aka hyperacuity

  • develops slowly (worse than spatial until 4mo)
  • at 4 mo develops rapidly -> better than spatial
  • adult levels at 6-8 years

R: doesn’t develop until 2-3 years

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5
Q

Why VA is poor until 3-5 yo (3)

A

Foveal cone PRs shorter + wider than adults until 4yo

Incomplete myelination of visual pathway
-most by 4-6mo, all by 2 years

Under-developed visual cortex until 6mo
-continues well into childhood

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6
Q

Refractive error

  • newborns
  • 10 weeks
  • 20 weeks
  • 1 year
A

+2.00 ± 0.75
Axial length 16mm

10 wk: plano to +4
20 wk: plano to +3

1 yr: +0.50 to +1.00
-stable into teens

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7
Q

Emmetropization

  • greatest degree when
  • when doesn’t happen
A

First 2 years

Extreme REs: > +5.00 or -4.50

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8
Q

Astigmatism in newborns

A

In 50%
Avg 2D ATR at 6mo
Decr to 0.50 or less by 2 years

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9
Q

Development of accommodation and vergences

A

A: capable in few weeks, adult levels 3-4mo

V: capable in few weeks

  • 1 mo: consistent divergence
  • 2 mo: consistent convergence, accomm and conv become linked
  • 6 mo: adult levels

By 6 mo, all eye movements have usually reached adult levels

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10
Q

Development of saccades and pursuits

A

S: make one large saccade instead of many small by 6 mo (immature cortical system)

P: series of small saccades until 8 weeks, normal pursuits by 4mo

By 6 mo, all eye movements have usually reached adult levels

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11
Q

Development of stereopsis

A

Appears suddenly at 3-5mo
Adult levels 4-6mo
1min of arc by 24mo

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12
Q

Development of contrast sensitivity

A

Peak at 4 years

Overall adult levels 7-9 years

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13
Q

Development of color vision

A

Newborn: discern between red + achromatic

  • photopic = adults
  • scotopic = adult 4-7 mo

3-4mo: hue discrimination adult levels

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14
Q

Ocular dominance columns

A 
1 = only contralateral
4 = equal both eyes (majority of all cells are binocular)
7 = only ipsilateral 
Dip in center (less both eyes) can indicate alternating strabismus
Critical period (esp first 2 years)
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15
Q

Normal changes with aging

  • VA
  • refractive error
  • contrast sensitivity
A

VA:

  • high contrast stable until 65-70 years
  • low contrast, low illumination decr 50-80

RE: incr ATR, hyperopia

CS: stable until 65

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16
Q

Normal changes with aging

  • accomm and convergence
  • oculomotor system
  • stereo
A

AC: decr in lens elasticity, decr in accomm convergence

OS: use more saccades, upgaze is usually most difficult movement

S: decr after 50

17
Q

Normal changes with aging

  • VF
  • dark adaptation
A

VF: useful field begins to decline after 50

DA: decr due to reduction in formation of rhodopsin

18
Q

Infant exam

  • suckling reflex
  • rooting reflex
  • babinski
  • plantar grasp
A

SR: involuntary until 2mo

RR: stroke cheek = turns head toward

B: toes fan outward towards infants body

PG: toes curl downward if the plantar surface of the foot is touched

19
Q

Infant exam

  • placing
  • stepping
  • fencing
A

P: held next to surface = lift foot as if stepping onto

S: mimic walking

F: turn baby’s head to one side = ipsi arm/leg should extend while flexion of arm/leg occur on contra side

20
Q

Infants

  • when do reflexes begin being replaced by voluntary movements
  • when lingering primitive reflexes are concerning
A

3mo

1yr

21
Q

Gross/fine motor development

  • 5mo
  • 7mo
  • 9-10mo
  • 12mo
A

5: raise head, roll over
7: creep (drag selves on stomach), pincer grasp (b/w thumb and forefinger)

9-10: crawl, cruise (few steps if holding onto furniture)

12: walking with someone holding hands, refining pincer grasp, learning to release objects

22
Q

Gross/fine motor development

  • 15mo
  • 15mo-2yrs
  • 2yrs
  • 3yrs
A

15: walking on own, throw, turn pages, hold spoon, build 2-block tower

15-24: walk backward, climb up/down stairs, jump, scribble

2: walk up stairs on own, kick ball, 7-block tower, open doors
3: draw circle

23
Q

Gross/fine motor development

  • 5yrs
  • 6yrs
A

5: copying
6: each child’s motor skills begin to vary

24
Q

When babies

  • smile
  • smile only at faces they recognize
  • coo
  • recognize emotion behind speech pattern
A

3mo

4-5mo

6mo

7mo

25
Q

When babies

  • recognize words, own name
  • 50 words
  • 900 words
  • 1500 words
A

1 year
2 years
3 years
5 years

KMK Small Guys (4 decks)

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