Histology

Question 1

Breakdown types of epithelium

Answer 1

Simple

• secretion: cuboidal
• absorption: columnar
• diffusion: squamous

Stratified

Secretory

• exocrine: holocrine (Meib, Z), apocrine (moll, goblet), merocrine (exocytosis, main/access lac gland)
• endocrine: thyroid, pituitary

Question 2

Hypothalamus produces

Answer 2

ADH + oxytocin
-stored in posterior pituitary

TSH
-stored in anterior pituitary

Question 3

Anterior pituitary produces

Answer 3

Acidophils = PiG

• prolactin
• growth hormone

Basophils = FLAT base

• FSH
• LH
• ACTH
• TSH

Question 4

Components of blood

Answer 4

Plasma (55%)

• albumin, complement (prod by liver)
• antibodies

Cells (45%)
-RBCs = only anuclear cell in body
-WBCs
—gran: BEN (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
—agran: monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 5

Breakdown of WBCs

Answer 5

Gran: BEN

• basophils = least common, non-phagocytic
• eosinophils
• neutrophils = most common

Agran:

• monocytes = largest
• lymphocytes = T-cells, B-cells, NK cells

Question 6

Describe cholesterol

Answer 6

Lipid in PM - eukaryotes only
Core is acetyl coA
Precursor to steroid hormones
Electron carrier is NADPH (pentose phosphate shunt)

Question 7

Cholesterol norms

Answer 7

Total <200
TGs <150
LDL <100
HDL > 40

Question 8

Roles of proteins

Answer 8

Integral: span membrane

• structural
• receptors (communication)
• channels (movement of ions)

Peripheral: attach to outer surface

• hormone receptors
• cell surface markers

Question 9

Transcription and translation

Answer 9

DNA transcribed to mRNA in nucleus

mRNA translated to protein in cytoplasm

Question 10

Order of organelles in protein synth

Answer 10

rER (makes generalized prot) -> golgi (specialized prot) -> lysosome (pinch off golgi)

Question 11

Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER

Answer 11

Ribo: no lipid bilayer/not membrane bound, essential for translation

RER: bound ribosomes, always involved in prod of proteins that will be exported out of cell

SER: specific modified functions

• adrenal cortex = steroid production
• hepatocytes = glycogen storage/breakdown, detox lipid soluble drugs
• muscles/sarcoplasmic reticulum = sequesters and controls Ca2+ release

Question 12

Tay-Sachs

Answer 12

AR disorder

Accumulation of residual bodies

• secondary lysosomes that undergo partial degradation (i.e. partially destroyed/inactive enzymes)
• may gain lipofuscin

Question 13

Thyroid follicular vs parafollicular

Answer 13

F: prod inactive hormone called colloid

P: prod calcitonin -> inhib osteoclasts

Question 14

Adrenal gland

• activ by
• zones and production

Answer 14

ACTH (prod by basophils in ant pituitary)

Glomerulosa = aldosterone/mineralocorticoids (salt)
Fasciculata = cortisol/glucocorticoid (sugar)
Reticularis = androgen (sex)

Question 15

What is a plasma cell

Answer 15

Mature B lymph

Produces antibodies

Question 16

Macrophages

• brain
• liver
• blood

Answer 16

Brain = microglia

Liver = kupffer

Blood = monocyte until leaves blood, then macrophage

Question 17

Collagen structure

Answer 17

Glycine - Proline - Lysine

Question 18

GAGs

• describe
• hyaluronic acid
• cornea

Answer 18

Negatively charged polysaccharides, core of disaccharide repeating units, highly hydrophilic

HA: unique bc no sulfate, not bound to a protein as a proteoglycan

2/3 keratin sulfate
1/3 chondroitin sulfate

Question 19

Platelets produce…

Answer 19

Platelets prod thromboplastin -> converts prothrombin into thrombin -> converts fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 20

Neutrophils

-right vs left shift

Answer 20

R: fight is over or body is too worn out

L: body prod many PMNs to fight infection

Question 21

Cartilage

Answer 21

T2 collagen + chondroitin sulfate (GAG)

Flexible: hydrophilic, hydrated

Question 22

Neurons

• axon hillock
• ortho vs retrograde

Answer 22

AH: where action potentials are generated

O: cell damaged first (e.g. PRP)
R: axon damaged first (e.g. tumor)

Question 23

What is unique about Schwann cells

Answer 23

Encased in glycoprotein BM called neurolemma

-allows neurons to regenerate

Question 24

Layers of epidermis

Answer 24

Can Lucy Give Some Blood
Corneum = z occludens
Lucidum = thick
Granulosum
Spinosum = SCC
Basal = BCC/melanoma, melanocytes, mitotic

Question 25

Ocular albinism is a result of

Answer 25

Deficiency in tyrosinase (converts tyrosine to melanin)

Question 26

Arteries vs Veins

Answer 26

A: thicker walls

• tunica media is most prominent (thin in veins, non-existent in caps)
• prominent internal elastic membrane (intima)

V: lumen in semilunar folds and larger than walls

• tunica adventitia is most prominent
• vasa vasorum = network of BVs in adventitia that supplies outer vessel layers, usually affected first in diabetes

Question 27

Lymph

• diffuse
• nodule
• MALT

Answer 27

D: scattered areas of T/B cells, filter fluid

N: non-encapsulated B-blasts/plasma cells, Abs prod here are specific

M: diffuse non-encapsulated, B/T lymphs and areolar CT fibers
-e.g. Peyer’s patches in small intestine

Question 28

Alveoli

• t1 pneumocytes
• t2 pneumocytes

Answer 28

1: gas exchange, can’t regenerate
2: prod surfactant to decr surface tension (prevent collapse), divide and replicate if T1 are damaged

Question 29

Liver

• gland
• ligaments
• blood flow

Answer 29

Largest gland in body

Faciform: connects R/L lobes, attaches to ant wall of abdomen
Coronary: attaches liver to interior surface overlying diaphragm

Blood to liver = hepatic artery + portal vein

• HA: branch of descending aorta, oxygen rich
• PV: blood from GI tract to liver, low in oxygen, rich in nutrients
• HA + PV + bile duct = portal triad

Question 30

Liver

-func (5)

Answer 30

Removes/stores fat-soluble vit: DEAK + B12
Prod: urea, bile, albumin
Monitors glucose