Psychology Flashcards
Smith and glass
meta-analysis:
technique developed by Glass to statistically analyze and summarize all studies in an existing research area, on the effectiveness of all of the psychotherapy studies that had been done to that point.
effective size
measure of effectiveness that is independent of success size…typically separates the concepts of practical vs. statistical significance) was obtained for any outcome measure reported in the study.
Dodo bird verdict
Everyone has won, and all must have prizes
makes therapists happy because everyone wins, and they all get to use whatever technique they prefer.
this is FALSE
Difference between American Psychological Association and American Psychiatric Association
American Psychiatric:
started in ‘91
American Psychological:
started in 2010
use their gut feelings and new untested therapies
do NOT consider scientific evidence in choosing their therapy
how has the medicalization of psychological problems affected stigma against these problems?
People who start with a predominantly psychological view of depression & who received the biomedical model information actually showed higher levels of stigma post intervention. Others have found similar effects
what has happened to NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) funding for therapy recently? why?
shifted its funding focus toward medication because pharmaceutical companies are moving away from drug testing due to the expense & increasing lawsuits over fraud. NIMH has had to pick up the slack, which leaves less money for the testing of different therapies.
what is the RDoC?
how is it different from the DSM?
Research Domain Criteria
Proposed by the NIMH as an alternative to the DSM
Designed to move beyond the DSM classification model of symptoms/syndromes and toward developing an understanding of the supposed biological mechanisms of psychiatric-related function
Key feature is that it is dimensional rather than categorical & describes a range of behavior from normal to abnormal.
focus more on the interaction between psychosocial and neurobiological variables.
Goldfried’s opinion regarding the focus on clinical trials as apposed to clinical insight
go beyond randomized clinical trials to give clients what they expect from therapists, which is to make their lives better.
Both clients and therapists should expect that treatment should help, not harm, the client.
outcome research
answers the questions “Does therapy work?” Outcome research is basically clinical trials and involves pitting a particular treatment against another treatment or a no-treatment control
process research
answers the question “How does the successful therapy work?” and looks for moderators and mediators
Carl Rogers
first psychologist that argued the therapeutic relationship was critical to success
what does Goldfried think we should be focusing on, and what does his solution entail?
focusing on general principles of the therapeutic change process rather than arguing about technique vs. relationship
Close the research-practice gap, which includes ending the hostility between researchers and practitioners. This might best begin at the undergrad or grad school level
three general types of phobias discussed in the “Relaxing Your Fears Away” chapter
Simple/specific—irrational fears of animals or specific situations (e.g., heights, small spaces)
Social—irrational fears about interactions with others (e.g., public speaking)
Agoraphobia—irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar, open, or crowded space, usually resulting in response to a panic attack that occurred in those spaces.
logic behind behavioral therapies?
Goal?
you can’t hold two incompatible responses at the same time (fear & relaxation can’t exist simultaneously).
systematic desensitization work
learn progressive muscle relaxation
make a list of anxiety-provoking situations that increase in intensity until you reach the worst situation you can imagine.
process of unlearning. Go down your list and imagine each one in deep relaxation until it no longer causes you stress.
