Psychologists and their concepts/theories

Question 1

Gordon Allport

Answer 1

founder of personality psychology

Question 2

rotter

Answer 2

locus of control

 internal: belief that one is responsible for the consequences of their actions 
  external: interpret the consequences of their behavior to be controlled by fate, luck, or powerful others

Question 3

bandura

Answer 3

self efficacy
having confidence in your ability to accomplish a goal
linked with having internal LOC

Question 4

kelly

Answer 4

personal constructs

Question 5

michel

Answer 5

cognitive affective personality system

Question 6

anne constantinople

Answer 6

gender research
stated gender is best described as 2 separate dimensions ad that one could be high in both masculinity and feminity or low on both

Question 7

Sandra bem

Answer 7

gender research
healthy gender identity is represented by behaving in ways consistent with society’s expectations of your biological sex

Question 8

walter mischel

Answer 8

situationist

stated personality changes from 1 situation to the next

Question 9

synder

Answer 9

self monitoring

extent to which people can and do modify their behavior in response to a situational pressure

Question 10

Capsi, Elder, Bem

Answer 10

do ill tempered children become ill tempered adults?

if so, what are the causes and consequences of this continuity

Question 11

Ross Greene

Answer 11

harsh punishment
3 plans
A: telling child “you must” or “you will” will NOT work for tempered kids (also called unilateral approach)
B: “Collaborative Problem Solving”: present problem to child and ask for his input in how it should be solved
way to get child involved
C: opposite from plan A. dropping the expectation completely
Ex: NOT taking explosive child to grocery store

Question 12

Rosenhan

Answer 12

are mental health professionals really able to distinguish between mentally ill and mentally healthy people?

Question 13

seligman

Answer 13

learned helplessness

Question 14

Langer and Rodin

Answer 14

Quasi Experiment
does having some sense of control help nursing home residents increase their mental alertness, activity level, satisfaction with life, and other measures of behavior and attitude?

Question 15

wegner

Answer 15

ironic processes of mental control
attempt to stop a thought initiates 2 mental processes- a conscious operating process that searches for anything to think about other than the unwanted- and an automatic monitoring process that searches for the unwanted thought

Question 16

martin and tesser

Answer 16

goal progress theory of rumination

Question 17

pennebaker

Answer 17

writing about Emotional Experiences as a therapeutic process

Question 18

smith and glass

Answer 18

meta analysis

analyze and summarize all studies in an existing research area

Question 19

dodo bird verdict

Answer 19

Everyone has won, and all must have prizes
makes therapists happy because everyone wins, and they all get to use whatever technique they prefer.
this is FALSE

Question 20

Goldfried

Answer 20

go beyond randomized clinical trials to give clients what they expect from therapists, which is to make their lives better.
Both clients and therapists should expect that treatment should help, not harm, the client.
focusing on general principles of the therapeutic change process rather than arguing about technique vs. relationship
Close the research-practice gap, which includes ending the hostility between researchers and practitioners. This might best begin at the undergrad or grad school level

Question 21

Cranske and Barlow

Answer 21

Panic Control Treatment (PCT)
Their treatment involved exposing sufferers to mild version of their physical sensations (e.g., spinning around inc hair to produce dizziness) and then using extinction to help them learn that the sensations did not lead to a terrible outcome.
helps patients identify their irrational beliefs about their physical sensations and replace those beliefs with calming techniques.

Question 22

Kazdin

Answer 22

the heart of treatment with children with aggressive behavior
Parent management training (PMT)—teaches parents concrete ways of interacting with the child in the home.
Cognitive problem-solving skills training (PSST): a therapist meets individually with the child and comes up with strategies for how to meet those demands. Act out solutions in role-play situations.

Question 23

Maslach burnout model

Answer 23

Emotional exhaustion: feelings of being emotionally overextended and exhausted by one’s work
Depersonalization: unfeeling and impersonal response toward clients or students
Reduced sense of personal accomplishment: feelings of inadequate personal achievement accompanied by a diminished self-esteem; tendency to evaluate oneself negatively with regard to one’s work with clients.

Question 24

Rosenthal & Fode

Answer 24

students were told they’d be working with either maze-bright or maze-dull rats (no difference in reality). The “maze-bright” rats had faster recorded learning times. Demonstrated experimenter expectancy effect.

Question 25

Rosenthal & Jacobson

Answer 25

When teachers are given information that make them believe certain students have great potential, they unknowingly behave in ways that encourage these students to succeed, which translates into better performance of these students.
Self-fulfilling prophecy – Pygmalion Effect

Question 26

Spearman

Answer 26

conducted a factor analysis & discovered evidence for a single global factor of intelligence (called “factor g”) with some specific factors (factor s). Most intelligence loaded onto factor g

Question 27

Gardner

Answer 27

Theory of Multiple Intelligences
different parts of the brain are responsible for different aspects of intelligence or different intelligences altogether.

Question 28

Pezdek & Blandon-Gitlin

Answer 28

When eyewitnesses are shown more than one photographic lineup of criminal suspects, their accuracy in identifying the correct perpetrator decreases significantly as they incorporate newer faces into their reconstruction of the original event

Question 29

Thurstone (1938):

Answer 29

Spatial cognition is the ability to hold an image of an object in mind & twist, turn, or rotate it to match another object