Psychology 2 Flashcards
automated motor learning
cerebellum
information processing theory
- thinking
- analysis of stimuli
- situational modification
schema
pattens of thought used to create categories of information/behavior + to understand the relationships that exist among categories
→ speed up processing
→ can create bias
sensorimotor stage
0-2 → coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity, language used for demands + cataloguing, object permanence developed
concrete operational stage
7-11 → concrete thinking, space + time + quantity understood and applied but not as independent concepts
formal operational stage
11+ → theoretical + hypothetical + counterfactual thinking, abstract logic + reasoning, strategy + planning become possible, concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
memory + age
procedural memory = stable
working memory = significant decline
semantic memory = stable
mental set
predetermined mental framework to approaching a problem
representative heuristic
making determinations on probability of an event under uncertainty → reliance on prototypes/stereotypes
availability heuristic
availability in memory (whatever comes to a persons mind first)
anchoring + adjustment heuristic
giving higher priority to first piece of info + framing subsequent info around it
base rate fallacy
occurs when representative heuristics are used in error
brain waves
beta (14-40 Hz) → awake/alert
alpha (9-13 Hz) → relaxed/meditating
theta (4-8 Hz) → light sleep
delta (0.5-3.9 Hz) → deep sleep
reticular formation
in brain stem → stimulates prefrontal cortex to maintain alertness → consciousness
dyssomnias
difficulties falling, staying or avoiding sleep
parasomnias
abnormal movements, behaviors, perceptions or emotions during sleep
Broca’s area
motor aspects of speech
Wernicke’s area
language comprehension
arcuate fasciculus
connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
emotional memory
explicit → conscious memory of having experienced the emotion
implicit → unconscious encoding + storage of the actual feeling
limbic system
motivation + emotion
amygdala → implicit emotional memory
hippocampus → explicit emotional memory
thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callous, fornix, septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus
general adaptation syndrome
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
instinct theory of motivation
behavior motivated by evolutionary instincts
arousal theory of motivation
Yerkes-Dodson law
needs based theories of motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
ERG theory
self-determination theory → autonomy, competence, relatedness
drive reduction theory of motivation
primary drives → food, water, sex
secondary drives → money, social status, fame
Hull’s drive reduction theory
incentive theory of motivation
obtain rewards + avoid punishment
cognitive theory of motivation
motivated by thinking, goals, expectations, perceptions + attributions
expectancy-value theory
attitude
cognitive → how you think
affective (emotional) → how you feel
behavioral → how you act
functional attitudes theory
attitude serves three positive functions
- knowledge → attitudes give us useful info
- ego-expressive → attitudes help us express our identities
- adaptive
behavior + attitude
absent any strong external influences, attitude generally guides behavior
stronger attitude → more quickly + directly it will influence behavior
elaboration-likelihood model
persuading someone to change their attitudes → central route processing + peripheral route processing
social cognitive theory of attitude change
attitudes changed based on observational learning
characteristics model
attitude change best accomplished when characteristics of target, source, message + cognitive routes are considered
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
pre-conventional: pre-adolescence → obedience + self-interest
conventional: adolescence - adulthood → conformity + law and order
post-conventional: adulthood → social contract + social human ethics
Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
social identity theory
individuals derive significant pride + self-esteem from group memberships → people try to increase status of in-groups and discriminate against out-groups
looking-glass self
self-concept largely influenced by how someone believes others view themselves
self-perception theory
actions influence attitudes because people infer their attitudes by observing their own behavior
preoperational stage
2- 7→ symbolic thinking, proper syntax + grammar, imagination + intuition, complex abstract thinking still difficult, conservation developed
