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MCAT > Biology 1 > Flashcards

Biology 1 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

post-translational modification

A
  • starts in RER (disulfide bonds + glycoslylation)
  • continues in golgi
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2
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis + modification

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3
Q

golgi

A
  • finish post-translational modification
  • excrete vesicles bound for membrane, ER, etc
  • cellular post office
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4
Q

mitochondria

A
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5
Q

lysosome

A

pH = 5, digest cell parts, apoptosis, form by budding from golgi

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6
Q

peroxisomes

A

self replicate, detoxify chemicals, lipid metabolism

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7
Q

spindle apparatus

A

microtubules

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8
Q

actin

A

protein monomer that polymerizes to form microfilament (forms thin portion of sarcomere)

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9
Q

intermediate filament

A

smaller than microtubules, larger than microfilament

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10
Q

microtubules

A

mitotic spindle, cilia/flagella, transport

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11
Q

microfilaments

A

movement (cleavage furrow)

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12
Q

cilia in humans

A

lungs, ependymal cells (nervous system -> glia), fallopian tubes

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13
Q

sperm

A

flagella, made of tubulin

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14
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

no ATP required → use of protein channel (osmosis)

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15
Q

tight junction

A

water proof

tight epithelium → lining of bladder

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16
Q

gap junction

A

tunnels between cells allowing exchange → muscle cells + direct neuronal coupling

17
Q

adheren junction

A

strong mechanical attachments → epithelium between cardiac muscle cells

18
Q

desmosomes

A

strongest → weld cells together (not waterproof) → tissues subject to stress → dermis

19
Q

g-protein

A
20
Q

cell cycle

A
21
Q

nondisjunction

A

occurs in anaphase 1 or 2

22
Q

DNA replication

A

3’ → 5’

*** uses RNA primer not promoter

each time DNA replicates, new strand is slightly shorter than the parent strand, DNA polymerase requires an existing 3’ OH to add their first nucleotide → RNA primers are used and then removed

23
Q

mismatch repair

A

enzymes scan, locate, excise + replace mismatched pairs in newly copied DNA

24
Q

base excision repair

A

base portion removed by DNA glycosylase, other enzymes remove backbone, DNA polymerase + ligase replace

25
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

excision of oglionucleotides that includes several bases on either side of error, DNA polymerase + ligase replace

26
Q

gel

A

used to separate molecules by size

charged field across gel

27
Q

RNA vs DNA

A
  • RNA has 2’ OH
  • RNA normally single stranded
  • RNA contains U instead of T
  • RNA exits nucleus into cytoplasm (DNA always stays inside nucleus)
28
Q

template strand

A

anti-coding/anti-sense → transcribed

29
Q

coding

A

sense → not transcribed

***same as RNA strand (except T → U)

30
Q

transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter on 3’ end of template strand with aid of transcription factors

termination factors cause the release of mRNA transcript

31
Q

post-transcriptional processing

A

occurs in nucleus → introns spliced out, poly-A tail added to 3’, 5’ cap added

*** exons exit nucleus, introns stay in nucleus

32
Q

lac operon

A

inducible operon → usually turned off (repressed)

33
Q

translation

A
  • occurs in cytoplasm + RER
  • small subunit attaches to 5’ end of mRNA with help of initiation factors → scans mRNA until it reaches start codon (AUG)
  • tRNA attaches to start codon → causes large subunit to bind
  • elongation
  • termination: reaches stop codon (UAA, UGA, UAG) → release factor binds → dissociation of ribosome
34
Q

law of segregation

A

one allele ends up in one gamete → random which “parent’s” allele ends up in which gamete

35
Q

law of independent assortment

A

the allele one gamete receives for one gene doesn’t influence the allele received for another gene

*** meiosis 1

36
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

stain pink, relatively thin cell wall, don’t form endospores, contain two cell membranes: one inside + one outside cell wall

37
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

stain purple, very thick cell wall, form endospores (dormant), single membrane (inside cell wall)

38
Q

tubulin

A

globular protein that polymerizes to form microtubules

α-tubulin + β-tubulin = protofilament

13 protofilaments = 1 microtubule

9 doublets + 1 doublet of microtubule = flagella

MCAT (15 decks)

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