Chemistry 1

Question 1

cations vs anions

Answer 1

cations are smaller:

1. draw e- in more due to positive charge
2. most cations match e- configuration of nearest noble gas → match e- configuration of noble gas → lose an entire shell

Question 2

larger atoms

Answer 2

1. better at stabilizing charges
2. weaker pi bonds (decrease in overlap of p orbitals)
3. have d orbitals where they can house extra e-

Question 3

periodic table trends

Answer 3

↓ atomic radius → ↑ electronegativity, ↑ ionization energy, ↑ electron affinity

Question 4

ionization energy

Answer 4

amount of energy required to remove an e- from an atom

Question 5

electron affinity

Answer 5

amount of energy released when an atom gains an e-

Question 6

first quantum number

Answer 6

n / principle quantum number

approximate relative energy of e- in that shell

size of shell

Question 7

second quantum number

Answer 7

ℓ /

azimuthal quantum number / angular momentum quantum number

orbital shape (subshells)

0 = s, 1 = p, 2 = d, 3 = f

Question 8

third quantum number

Answer 8

ml / magnetic quantum number

gives orbital orientation → has value of -l to +l

designates orientation of subshell of where an e- is most likely to be found (x, y, z)

Question 9

fourth quantum number

Answer 9

ms / electron spin quantum number

gives the spin

→ either + 1/2 or - 1/2

Question 10

work function

Answer 10

Question 11

alpha decay

Answer 11

loss of one He nucleus

(mass number 4, atomic number 2)

Question 12

beta decay

Answer 12

neutron→

Question 13

electron capture

Answer 13

proton → neutron

capture of an e-

Question 14

positron emission

Answer 14

proton → neutron

emission of a positron

Question 15

gamma emission

Answer 15

usually emitted as a byproduct of the types of decay

Question 16

neutron

Answer 16

proton + e-

Question 17

proton

Answer 17

neutron + positron

Question 18

bond energy

Answer 18

energy always required to break a bond

energy always released when a bond is formed

Question 19

bond energies + stability

Answer 19

stable compounds have high bond energies

unstable compounds have low bond energies

Question 20

heat of combustion + stability

Answer 20

higher energy molecule (less stable) → higher heat of combustion (heat released when a molecule is combusted with oxygen)

Question 21

oxygen needed for combustion

Answer 21

moles of oxygen needed for combustion

1. add 1 for each carbon
2. subtract 0.5 for each oxygen

*** does not give actual number of moles, only a ranking system

Question 22

law of mass action

Answer 22

Question 23

reaction quotient

Answer 23

Q > K → reaction will proceed to left / reactants

Q < K → reaction will proceed to right / products

Question 24

solving for order

Answer 24

Question 25

zero order

Answer 25

[A] vs. time → linear

slope = -k

Question 26

first order

Answer 26

ln[A] vs. time → linear

slope = -k

Question 27

second order

Answer 27

1/[A] vs. time → linear

slope = k

Question 28

rate law

Answer 28

C^O = R

C → factor by which concentration of reactant changed

R → factor by which rate changed

O → order

Question 29

nitrate

Answer 29

NO3 -

Question 30

nitrite

Answer 30

NO2 -

Question 31

chlorate

Answer 31

ClO3 -

Question 32

chlorite

Answer 32

ClO2 -

Question 33

hypochlorite

Answer 33

ClO -

Question 34

perchlorate

Answer 34

ClO4 -

Question 35

carbonate

Answer 35

CO3 2-

Question 36

bicarbonate

Answer 36

HCO3 -

Question 37

ammonium

Answer 37

NH4 +

Question 38

ammonia

Answer 38

NH3

Question 39

sulfate

Answer 39

SO4 2-

Question 40

phosphate

Answer 40

PO4 3-

Question 41

manganate

Answer 41

MnO4 2-

Question 42

permanganate

Answer 42

MnO4 -

Question 43

cyanide

Answer 43

CN -