psychology Flashcards
psychology definition
exploration description formation of the brain and mind in a living body in relation relation to environment with the focus on behavior
Key elements of scientific attitude in psychology
Scientist question data with healthy skepticism, and are open
to accepting changes in their conclusions, warranted by new evidence
State the general contributions of William Walden, William jeans and Fred to the psychology discipline
William, the father of experimental psychology, revolutionized the filled with the first psychology laboratory in his structuralist approach his work in mental process the foundation from modern psychology, research method and theories
early schools of thought
Structuralism Functionalism behavioral Psychologist
seven modern perspectives
Biology behavioral Cognitive Humanist psychogenic
social cultural
evolutionary
experimental vs
correlational
Experimental designs Multiple variables cause an effect Correlational designs observed without Manipulation
variables independent dependent and confounding
Independent variables are manipulated Dependent variables are measured Confounding variables are influenced
Measure Central tendency And tendency variation
Central essential of the database Variation describes the spread of the data Tendency Measured by the set data
neurons and information flow
Dendrites to sell body then Axon terminals
GLAIL Cell functions
To support and protect neurons
Electrical Charge at resting state
action potential Forces include action diffuser Electric pressure sodium potassium pump membranes( Electrical activity charged 70 mV!!!!!!
Components of synapse
Components found in synapses include synaptic vesicles , neurotransmitters , synaptic gap (or cleft),and receptor sites .
Neurons and Information Flow
From dendrites to soma/cell body, then through the axon terminals.
Function of Glial Cells
To support and protect neurons.
Electrical Charge at Resting State:
Forces Acting on Neuron during Action Potential: Questions What forces act on a neuron to produce an action potential? Answers The forces include passive diffusion, electrostatic pressure, and sodium-potassium pump activity across cell membranes.
Components Of Synapse
Components found in synapses include synaptic vesicles , neurotransmitters , synaptic gap (or cleft),and receptor sites
Reuptake
The process of neurotransmitters being absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitters:
Endorphins
Glutamate
GABA
Lesioning, EEG, MRI/MRV, PET Measurements:
Lesioning involves removing or damaging brain tissue to study its effects. EEG measures electrical activity in the brain. MRI/MRV uses magnetic fields to create detailed images of brain structure. PET detects metabolic processes using radioactive tracers.
Reticular Formation Function:
The reticular formation regulates sleep-wake cycles and consciousness .
Limbic System Structures
Structures include amygdala , hippocampus , hypothalamus involved emotions memory motivation .
Frontal Lobe Function
Functions involve decision-making problem-solving behavior/emotion control.
Parietal Lobe Function
It processes touch temperature pain sensations among others
Occipital Lobe Functions
They primarily handle visual processing tasks.
Temporal Lobes Functions
These areas play key parts in auditory processing as well as memory retention/recall.
Association Areas Definition:
Association areas integrate information from different senses/modalities.
Neuroplasticity & Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis creates new neurons, while neuroplasticity allows the brain to adapt and reorganize in response to new experiences and learning
Peripheral vs Central Nervous Systems Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Divisions :
Central nervous system comprises spinal cord /brain while peripheral includes nerves outside CNS connecting limbs/organs.Somatic controls voluntary movements/sensory transmission whereas autonomic manages involuntary bodily functions like heart rate digestion.Sympathetic division prepares body fight-or-flight responses.Parasympathtic promotes rest-digest activities
Teratogens
Answer: An agent that can cause birth defects.
Infant Reflexes:
Answer: Rooting (finding food), sucking (feeding), Moro (falling response), grasping (holding).
Enriched Environment and Neuron Development:
It promotes synaptic growth and neural plasticity.
Infantile Amnesia:
Inability to recall memories from early childhood.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor (object permanence), Preoperational (symbolic thinking, egocentrism), Concrete Operational (logical thinking), Formal Operational (abstract reasoning).
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development:
The difference between what a learner can do independently and with guidance.
Attachment Styles:
Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable:
Imaginary audience: Belief that others are constantly watching. Personal fable: Belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality:
Preconventional (obedience, self-interest), Conventional (conformity, law-and-order), Postconventional (social contract, universal principles).
Combating Cognitive Decline:
Exercise, mental stimulation, healthy diet, social engagement.
Parenting Styles:
Authoritative (high responsiveness, high demands), Authoritarian (low responsiveness, high demands), Permissive (high responsiveness, low demands), Uninvolved (low responsiveness, low demands).
