Exam 4

Question 1

Define personality

Answer 1

the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

Question 2

what is character and temperament

Answer 2

Character: value judgments made about a person’s moral and
ethical behavior.
◦ Temperament: the enduring characteristics with which each
person is born; but it can also be influenced by a person’s family,
culture, and experiences.

Question 3

According to Freud’s conception of personality, what are the different divisions of personality?

Answer 3

The id, the ego, and the superego

Question 4

ID

Answer 4

the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories

Question 5

super ego

Answer 5

super-ego operates as a moral conscience

Question 6

EGO

Answer 6

ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

Question 7

What are the five stages of personality development, according to Freud?

Answer 7

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

Question 8

oral

Answer 8

baby’s libido, or innate pleasure-seeking energy, is focused on the mouth.

Question 9

anal

Answer 9

An example of this stage would be a child who takes pleasure in controlling and releasing their bowels. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child’s future relationship with all forms of authority.

Question 10

Phallic Stage 3-6 years

Answer 10

children become increasingly aware of their bodies, exhibiting a heightened interest in their own genitals and those of the opposite sex future issues such as sexual dysfunction, problems with gender identity, or difficulties in forming relationships.

Question 11

latency

Answer 11

Freud believed sexual impulses are repressed, leading to a period of relative calm. During this stage, children’s sexual impulses become suppressed (Children focus on developing social and intellectual skills, including school, friendships, and hobbies, instead of on sexual or romantic interests.)

Question 12

difference between Jung’s personal and collective unconscious?

Answer 12

. The personal unconscious exists alongside the conscious mind and contains an individual’s unique experiences and memories. The collective unconscious, on the other hand, contains universal archetypes shared among all humans. Jung believed that the concept of the collective unconscious helps to explain why similar themes occur in mythologies around the world. He theorized that there was a split between a collective unconscious level that everyone shared, and a personal unconscious that was entirely unique to an individual

Question 12

Genital Stage

Answer 12

individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly. teenager who begins to experience sexual attraction and begins to explore their sexuality

Question 13

defense mechanisms

Answer 13

unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings. Defense mechanisms aren’t inherently bad—they can allow people to navigate painful experiences or channel their energy more productively. They become problematic, however, when applied too frequently or for too long.

Question 14

According to Karen Horney, what is the basic anxiety?

Answer 14

“the feeling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world”. Sometimes this feeling continues into adulthood, resulting in neurosis. Like other Freudian-based theorists, Horney used the term neurosis and neurotic to indicate a mental disorder of non-biological origin.

Question 15

What is reciprocal determinism

Answer 15

is a central concept of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. Also known as triadic reciprocality, reciprocal determinism is a model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the individual (including how they think and feel), their environment, and the behavior itself.

Question 16

According to humanistic perspectives, such as Maslow’s, what are we trying to achieve?

Answer 16

Humanistic psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers focused on the growth potential of healthy individuals. They believed that people strive to become self-actualized. Both Rogers’s and Maslow’s theories greatly contributed to our understanding of the self.

Question 17

What is the real self and ideal self

Answer 17

Real self: A person’s true identity, composed of all their traits, qualities, thoughts, and feelings. Derived from life experiences.
Ideal self: A conceptualized version of one’s best self, representing the individual they aspire to be

Question 18

real self and ideal self over lapping or if they dont

Answer 18

When these two selves are not aligned, we experience incongruence.

Question 19

What are trait theories and what is a trait

Answer 19

Trait theory is an approach to the study of human personality that focuses on the measurement of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion

Question 20

What is the difference between surface traits and source traits

Answer 20

Source traits are the deep, stable qualities that form the core of who we are —they drive many of our actions and attitudes. Think of them as the “roots” of our personality.

Surface traits are the behaviors and characteristics that people actually see on the surface, such as friendliness or impulsiveness.

Question 21

What are the big five personality traits that have empirical support

Answer 21

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and intellect/openness

Question 22

Conscientiousness

Answer 22

impulsive, disorganized vs. disciplined, careful

Question 23

Agreeableness

Answer 23

suspicious, uncooperative vs. trusting, helpful

Question 24

Neuroticism

Answer 24

calm, confident vs. anxious, pessimistic

Question 25

Openness to Experience

Answer 25

prefers routine, practical vs. imaginative, spontaneous

Question 26

Extraversion

Answer 26

Extraversion –thoughtful vs. sociable, fun-loving

Question 27

What are behavioral genetics?

Answer 27

uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior

Question 28

How is personality assessed

Answer 28

Self-report assessments, which are psychometric scales that measure how a person describes themselves

Behavioral observation, which involves watching and recording how a person acts in different situations
.
Interviews, which are conversations that elicit information about a person’s personality from their responses

Projective tests, which are ambiguous stimuli that reveal a person’s unconscious motives and feelings

Personality inventories, which are standardized questionnaires that classify a person into personality types or traits

Question 29

What is the halo effect

Answer 29

The halo effect is a cognitive bias where an initial positive judgment about a person, company, brand, or product unconsciously colors the perception of the individual as a whole. It occurs when an impression formed from a single trait or characteristic influences multiple judgments or ratings of unrelated factors

Question 30

Rorschach tests

Answer 30

psychological test that involves presenting a subject with 10 images of symmetrical inkblots, one at a time, and asking them to describe what they see in the blot, such as animals or people.

Question 31

Thematic Apperception Tests

Answer 31

(TAT) is a projective psychological test that involves presenting a subject with a series of ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture

Question 32

What is the importance of reliability and validity in personality tests?

Answer 32

Personality instruments measure samples of behavior. Their evaluation involves primarily the determination of reliability and validity. Reliability often refers to consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when retested. Validity provides a check on how well the test fulfills its function.

Question 33

What is scapegoat theory?

Answer 33

Scapegoat theory refers to the tendency to blame someone else for one’s own problems, often resulting in feelings of prejudice toward the person or group being blamed. It serves as an opportunity to explain failure or misdeeds while maintaining one’s positive self-image

Question 34

What occurs in the bystander effect

Answer 34

The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation12. Traditional explanations for bystander apathy include three psychological factors:
Diffusion of responsibility, or the reduction of individual feelings of responsibility when more people are present
Evaluation apprehension, or the fear of unfavorable public judgment while helping
Pluralistic ignorance, or the belief that because no one is helping, the situation is not actually an emergency
The percentage of people who help a victim varies widely, by the type of crime, the environment, and other key variables

Question 35

What did Sherif find in his study on overcoming prejudice

Answer 35

Sherif and colleagues tried various means of reducing the animosity and low-level violence between the groups. The Robbers Cave experiments showed that superordinate goals (goals so large that it requires more than one group to achieve the goal) reduced conflict significantly more effectively than other strategies (e.g., communication, contact).

Question 36

What is the just-world phenomenon

Answer 36

In psychology, the just-world phenomenon is the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. Because people want to believe that the world is fair, they will look for ways to explain or rationalize away injustice, often blaming the person in a situation who is actually the victim.

Question 37

What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and what does it measure?

Answer 37

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a psychological test designed to measure implicit attitudes. Implicit attitudes are “introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) traces of past experience that mediate favorable or unfavorable feeling, thought, or action toward social objects”. The IAT measures the strength of associations between concepts and evaluations or stereotypes. The test is used to reveal unconscious attitudes, automatic preferences, and hidden biases by measuring the time that takes an individual to classify concepts into two categories.

Question 38

stereotypes

Answer 38

widely held generalized beliefs about the behaviors and attributes possessed by individuals from certain social groups (Cowboys and Indians are American stereotypes)

Question 39

discrimination

Answer 39

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability

Question 40

prejudice

Answer 40

an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.
any preconceived opinion or feeling, either favorable or unfavorable.

Question 41

What is social psychology? How is it defined and what aspects of the human condition

Answer 41

scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, beliefs, intentions, and goals are constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others

Question 42

sociology and social psychology

Answer 42

Sociology explores social structures, relationships, and societal influences on behavior.

Social psychology focuses on how people around us shape our thoughts and actions.

Question 43

What is attribution theory?

Answer 43

Attribution theory is a branch of social psychology that seeks to understand how people explain the causes of events as well as their own and others’ behaviors

Question 44

what is the difference between situational causes and
dispositional causes?

Answer 44

Dispositional attribution is the process of assigning a behavior’s cause to internal characteristics.

situational attribution assigns the behavior’s cause to an event or situation outside the individual’s control.

Question 45

What is fundamental attribution theory?

Answer 45

Attribution theory deals with how the social perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment

Question 46

What is the foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 46

technique is a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first. This technique works by creating a connection between the person asking for a request and the person that is being asked.

Question 47

Why might someone experience cognitive dissonance

Answer 47

They feel forced to do something.

They learn new information.

They are faced with a decision between two similar choices.

They have situations where friends, family members or coworkers act a certain way that don’t align with their beliefs.

They decide to do something that contradicts their values, morals, or belief system.

Question 48

How are our behavior and beliefs
related to each other?

Answer 48

Attitudes arise out of core values and beliefs we hold internally. Beliefs are assumptions and convictions we hold to be true based on past experiences. Values are worthy ideas based on things, concepts and people. Behaviours are how these internalised systems (attitudes, beliefs and values) are expressed.

Question 50

Contrast the peripheral route of persuasion to the central route

Answer 50

The central route involves deep processing of persuasive messages through careful consideration of content and strength of arguments. In contrast, the peripheral route relies on superficial cues, such as attractiveness or emotional appeal.

Question 51

What is conformity?

Answer 51

Conformity is the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them. It can be influenced by overt social pressure or subtler, unconscious factors

Question 52

What is the difference between normative and informational social influence?

Answer 52

Normative social influence prompts individuals to conform to group norms to fit in, gain acceptance, and feel good. Informational social influence leads people to conform, believing the group possesses competent and correct information, especially in ambiguous situations or tasks.

Question 53

What did Milgrim find in his study of obedience?

Answer 53

Collectively known as The Milgram Experiment, this groundbreaking work demonstrated the human tendency to obey commands issued by an authority figure, and more generally, the tendency for behavior to be controlled more by the demands of the situation than by idiosyncratic traits of the person.

Question 54

What occurs during social loafing

Answer 54

An individual does less work when working in a group compared to when working alone.

People unconsciously or consciously exert less effort due to decreased social awareness.

Group dynamics can lead to decreased motivation and accountability.

Everyone in a group contributes to passing responsibilities to others.

This behavior can hurt team performance.