Exam 4 Flashcards
Define personality
the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character
what is character and temperament
Character: value judgments made about a person’s moral and
ethical behavior.
◦ Temperament: the enduring characteristics with which each
person is born; but it can also be influenced by a person’s family,
culture, and experiences.
According to Freud’s conception of personality, what are the different divisions of personality?
The id, the ego, and the superego
ID
sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories
super ego
The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
EGO
portion of the human personality which is experienced as the “self” or “I” and is in contact with the external world through perception
What are the five stages of personality development, according to Freud?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
oral
baby’s libido, or innate pleasure-seeking energy, is focused on the mouth.
anal
An example of this stage would be a child who takes pleasure in controlling and releasing their bowels. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child’s future relationship with all forms of authority.
Phallic Stage
The child gains pleasure from masturbation. ( The idea that a boy wants to marry a girl like his mother aligns difficulties in forming relationships.)
latency
Children focus on developing social and intellectual skills, including school, friendships, and hobbies, instead of on sexual or romantic interests
difference between Jung’s personal and collective unconscious?
personal unconscious exists alongside the conscious mind and contains an individual’s unique experiences and memories.
collective unconscious, on the other hand, contains universal archetypes shared among all humans.
He theorized that there was a split between a collective unconscious level that everyone shared, and a personal unconscious that was entirely unique to an individual
Genital Stage
individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly. teenager who begins to experience sexual attraction and begins to explore their sexuality
defense mechanisms
unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings they can allow people to navigate painful experiences or channel their energy more productively
According to Karen Horney, what is the basic anxiety?
The feelings of insecurity that arise early in childhood where children perceive that they are unloved or undervalued
What is reciprocal determinism
model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the individual, their environment, and the behavior itself.
According to humanistic perspectives, such as Maslow’s, what are we trying to achieve?
theory of self-actualization contends that individuals are motivated to fulfill their potential in life or become the best version of themselves.
What is the real self and ideal self
Real self: A person’s true identity, composed of all their traits, qualities, thoughts, and feelings. Derived from life experiences.
Ideal self: A conceptualized version of one’s best self, representing the individual they aspire to be
real self and ideal self over lapping or if they dont
When these two selves are not aligned, we experience incongruence.
What is the difference between surface traits and source traits
Source traits are the deep, stable qualities that form the core of who we are —they drive many of our actions and attitudes. Think of them as the “roots” of our personality.
Surface traits are the behaviors and characteristics that people actually see on the surface, such as friendliness or impulsiveness.
m
Conscientiousness
the quality of wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly
Agreeableness
ndividuals that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, honest, and considerate
Neuroticism
negative personality trait involving negative emotions, poor self-regulation (an inability to manage urges), trouble dealing with stress, a strong reaction to perceived threats, and the tendency to complain.
Openness to Experience
Highly open individuals are often creative, imaginative, and seek novel ways to experience life2. This trait captures curiosity, imagination, artistic interests, preference for novelty, and tolerance for ambiguity4.
Extraversion
outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. Being around others helps them feel energized and excited.
What are behavioral genetics?
uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior
How is personality assessed
Self-report assessments, which are psychometric scales that measure how a person describes themselves
Behavioral observation, which involves watching and recording how a person acts in different situations
.
Interviews, which are conversations that elicit information about a person’s personality from their responses
Projective tests, which are ambiguous stimuli that reveal a person’s unconscious motives and feelings
Personality inventories, which are standardized questionnaires that classify a person into personality types or traits
What is the halo effect
bias where an initial positive judgment about a person, company, brand, or product unconsciously colors the perception of the individual as a whole. It occurs when an impression formed from a single trait or characteristic influences multiple judgments or ratings of unrelated factors
Rorschach tests
psychological test that involves presenting a subject with 10 images of symmetrical inkblots, one at a time, and asking them to describe what they see in the blot, such as animals or people.
Thematic Apperception Tests
(TAT) is a projective psychological test that involves presenting a subject with a series of ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture
What is the importance of reliability and validity in personality tests?
Reliability often refers to consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when retested. Validity provides a check on how well the test fulfills its function.
What is scapegoat theory?
Scapegoat theory refers to the tendency to blame someone else for one’s own problems, often resulting in feelings of prejudice toward the person or group being blamed. It serves as an opportunity to explain failure or misdeeds while maintaining one’s positive self-image
What occurs in the bystander effect
The bystander effect occurs when people within a group witness an incident but do not take action to interfere due to the presence of other bystanders.
What did Sherif find in his study on overcoming prejudice
the boy camp with 2 groups
What is the just-world phenomenon
bias where people tend to believe that the world is fair and that individuals generally get what they deserve
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and what does it measure?
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a psychological assessment tool used to detect hidden or subconscious biases an individual may hold towards certain concepts or groups. It measures the strength of associations between evaluations or stereotypes and concepts to reveal implicit biases
stereotypes
widely held generalized beliefs about the behaviors and attributes possessed by individuals from certain social groups (Cowboys and Indians are American stereotypes)
discrimination
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability
prejudice
an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.
any preconceived opinion or feeling, either favorable or unfavorable.
What is social psychology? How is it defined and what aspects of the human condition
scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, beliefs, intentions, and goals are constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others
sociology and social psychology
Sociology explores social structures, relationships, and societal influences on behavior.
Social psychology focuses on how people around us shape our thoughts and actions.
What is attribution theory?
how poeple explin the causes of events or behaviors eitherby blaimng internal factors or external facters
what is the difference between situational causes and
dispositional causes?
Dispositional people possess stable personality traits that guide their actions across different situations
situational primarily shaped by the situation or context in which it occurs
What is fundamental attribution theory?
It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment
What is the foot-in-the-door technique
technique is a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first. This technique works by creating a connection between the person asking for a request and the person that is being asked.
Why might someone experience cognitive dissonance
They feel forced to do something.
They learn new information.
They are faced with a decision between two similar choices.
They have situations where friends, family members or coworkers act a certain way that don’t align with their beliefs.
They decide to do something that contradicts their values, morals, or belief system.
How are our behavior and beliefs
related to each other?
Attitudes arise out of core values and beliefs we hold internally. Beliefs are assumptions and convictions we hold to be true based on past experiences. Values are worthy ideas based on things, concepts and people. Behaviours are how these internalised systems (attitudes, beliefs and values) are expressed.
Contrast the peripheral route of persuasion to the central route
Central Route: Persuasion relies on facts, details, and careful consideration of the message.
Peripheral Route: Persuasion occurs through emotion, external cues, and simple inferences.
What is conformity?
social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group.
What is the difference between normative and informational social influence?
Normative social influence prompts individuals to conform to group norms to fit in, gain acceptance, and feel good. Informational social influence leads people to conform, believing the group possesses competent and correct information, especially in ambiguous situations or tasks.
What did Milgrim find in his study of obedience?
Would people obey orders, even if they believed doing so would harm another person? Milgram’s findings suggested the answer was yes( shocking ppl vid)
What occurs during social loafing
An individual does less work when working in a group compared to when working alone.
People unconsciously or consciously exert less effort due to decreased social awareness.
Group dynamics can lead to decreased motivation and accountability.
Everyone in a group contributes to passing responsibilities to others.
This behavior can hurt team performance.
What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
often known as the “DSM,” is a reference book on mental health and brain-related conditions and disorders.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
mental and behavioral disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities
panic disorder
panic attracts
anorexia nervosa
fear of gaining wight(eating diorder)
bulimia nervosa
eating alot then getting rid of it
