Exam 4

Question 1

Define personality

Answer 1

the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

Question 2

what is character and temperament

Answer 2

Character: value judgments made about a person’s moral and
ethical behavior.
◦ Temperament: the enduring characteristics with which each
person is born; but it can also be influenced by a person’s family,
culture, and experiences.

Question 3

According to Freud’s conception of personality, what are the different divisions of personality?

Answer 3

The id, the ego, and the superego

Question 4

ID

Answer 4

sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories

Question 5

super ego

Answer 5

The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.

Question 6

EGO

Answer 6

portion of the human personality which is experienced as the “self” or “I” and is in contact with the external world through perception

Question 7

What are the five stages of personality development, according to Freud?

Answer 7

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

Question 8

oral

Answer 8

baby’s libido, or innate pleasure-seeking energy, is focused on the mouth.

Question 9

anal

Answer 9

An example of this stage would be a child who takes pleasure in controlling and releasing their bowels. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child’s future relationship with all forms of authority.

Question 10

Phallic Stage

Answer 10

The child gains pleasure from masturbation. ( The idea that a boy wants to marry a girl like his mother aligns difficulties in forming relationships.)

Question 11

latency

Answer 11

Children focus on developing social and intellectual skills, including school, friendships, and hobbies, instead of on sexual or romantic interests

Question 12

difference between Jung’s personal and collective unconscious?

Answer 12

personal unconscious exists alongside the conscious mind and contains an individual’s unique experiences and memories.

collective unconscious, on the other hand, contains universal archetypes shared among all humans.

He theorized that there was a split between a collective unconscious level that everyone shared, and a personal unconscious that was entirely unique to an individual

Question 12

Genital Stage

Answer 12

individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly. teenager who begins to experience sexual attraction and begins to explore their sexuality

Question 13

defense mechanisms

Answer 13

unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings they can allow people to navigate painful experiences or channel their energy more productively

Question 14

According to Karen Horney, what is the basic anxiety?

Answer 14

The feelings of insecurity that arise early in childhood where children perceive that they are unloved or undervalued

Question 15

What is reciprocal determinism

Answer 15

model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the individual, their environment, and the behavior itself.

Question 16

According to humanistic perspectives, such as Maslow’s, what are we trying to achieve?

Answer 16

theory of self-actualization contends that individuals are motivated to fulfill their potential in life or become the best version of themselves.

Question 17

What is the real self and ideal self

Answer 17

Real self: A person’s true identity, composed of all their traits, qualities, thoughts, and feelings. Derived from life experiences.
Ideal self: A conceptualized version of one’s best self, representing the individual they aspire to be

Question 18

real self and ideal self over lapping or if they dont

Answer 18

When these two selves are not aligned, we experience incongruence.

Question 19

What is the difference between surface traits and source traits

Answer 19

Source traits are the deep, stable qualities that form the core of who we are —they drive many of our actions and attitudes. Think of them as the “roots” of our personality.

Surface traits are the behaviors and characteristics that people actually see on the surface, such as friendliness or impulsiveness.

Question 20

m

Question 21

Conscientiousness

Answer 21

the quality of wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly

Question 22

Agreeableness

Answer 22

ndividuals that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, honest, and considerate

Question 23

Neuroticism

Answer 23

negative personality trait involving negative emotions, poor self-regulation (an inability to manage urges), trouble dealing with stress, a strong reaction to perceived threats, and the tendency to complain.

Question 24

Openness to Experience

Answer 24

Highly open individuals are often creative, imaginative, and seek novel ways to experience life2. This trait captures curiosity, imagination, artistic interests, preference for novelty, and tolerance for ambiguity4.

Question 25

Extraversion

Answer 25

outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. Being around others helps them feel energized and excited.

Question 26

What are behavioral genetics?

Answer 26

uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior

Question 27

How is personality assessed

Answer 27

Self-report assessments, which are psychometric scales that measure how a person describes themselves

Behavioral observation, which involves watching and recording how a person acts in different situations
.
Interviews, which are conversations that elicit information about a person’s personality from their responses

Projective tests, which are ambiguous stimuli that reveal a person’s unconscious motives and feelings

Personality inventories, which are standardized questionnaires that classify a person into personality types or traits

Question 28

What is the halo effect

Answer 28

bias where an initial positive judgment about a person, company, brand, or product unconsciously colors the perception of the individual as a whole. It occurs when an impression formed from a single trait or characteristic influences multiple judgments or ratings of unrelated factors

Question 29

Rorschach tests

Answer 29

psychological test that involves presenting a subject with 10 images of symmetrical inkblots, one at a time, and asking them to describe what they see in the blot, such as animals or people.

Question 30

Thematic Apperception Tests

Answer 30

(TAT) is a projective psychological test that involves presenting a subject with a series of ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture

Question 31

What is the importance of reliability and validity in personality tests?

Answer 31

Reliability often refers to consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when retested. Validity provides a check on how well the test fulfills its function.

Question 32

What is scapegoat theory?

Answer 32

Scapegoat theory refers to the tendency to blame someone else for one’s own problems, often resulting in feelings of prejudice toward the person or group being blamed. It serves as an opportunity to explain failure or misdeeds while maintaining one’s positive self-image

Question 33

What occurs in the bystander effect

Answer 33

The bystander effect occurs when people within a group witness an incident but do not take action to interfere due to the presence of other bystanders.

Question 34

What did Sherif find in his study on overcoming prejudice

Answer 34

the boy camp with 2 groups

Question 35

What is the just-world phenomenon

Answer 35

bias where people tend to believe that the world is fair and that individuals generally get what they deserve

Question 36

What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and what does it measure?

Answer 36

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a psychological assessment tool used to detect hidden or subconscious biases an individual may hold towards certain concepts or groups. It measures the strength of associations between evaluations or stereotypes and concepts to reveal implicit biases

Question 37

stereotypes

Answer 37

widely held generalized beliefs about the behaviors and attributes possessed by individuals from certain social groups (Cowboys and Indians are American stereotypes)

Question 38

discrimination

Answer 38

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability

Question 39

prejudice

Answer 39

an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.
any preconceived opinion or feeling, either favorable or unfavorable.

Question 40

What is social psychology? How is it defined and what aspects of the human condition

Answer 40

scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, beliefs, intentions, and goals are constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others

Question 41

sociology and social psychology

Answer 41

Sociology explores social structures, relationships, and societal influences on behavior.

Social psychology focuses on how people around us shape our thoughts and actions.

Question 42

What is attribution theory?

Answer 42

how poeple explin the causes of events or behaviors eitherby blaimng internal factors or external facters

Question 43

what is the difference between situational causes and
dispositional causes?

Answer 43

Dispositional people possess stable personality traits that guide their actions across different situations

situational primarily shaped by the situation or context in which it occurs

Question 44

What is fundamental attribution theory?

Answer 44

It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment

Question 45

What is the foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 45

technique is a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first. This technique works by creating a connection between the person asking for a request and the person that is being asked.

Question 46

Why might someone experience cognitive dissonance

Answer 46

They feel forced to do something.

They learn new information.

They are faced with a decision between two similar choices.

They have situations where friends, family members or coworkers act a certain way that don’t align with their beliefs.

They decide to do something that contradicts their values, morals, or belief system.

Question 47

How are our behavior and beliefs
related to each other?

Answer 47

Attitudes arise out of core values and beliefs we hold internally. Beliefs are assumptions and convictions we hold to be true based on past experiences. Values are worthy ideas based on things, concepts and people. Behaviours are how these internalised systems (attitudes, beliefs and values) are expressed.

Question 48

Contrast the peripheral route of persuasion to the central route

Answer 48

Central Route: Persuasion relies on facts, details, and careful consideration of the message.
Peripheral Route: Persuasion occurs through emotion, external cues, and simple inferences.

Question 49

What is conformity?

Answer 49

social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group.

Question 50

What is the difference between normative and informational social influence?

Answer 50

Normative social influence prompts individuals to conform to group norms to fit in, gain acceptance, and feel good. Informational social influence leads people to conform, believing the group possesses competent and correct information, especially in ambiguous situations or tasks.

Question 51

What did Milgrim find in his study of obedience?

Answer 51

Would people obey orders, even if they believed doing so would harm another person? Milgram’s findings suggested the answer was yes( shocking ppl vid)

Question 52

What occurs during social loafing

Answer 52

An individual does less work when working in a group compared to when working alone.

People unconsciously or consciously exert less effort due to decreased social awareness.

Group dynamics can lead to decreased motivation and accountability.

Everyone in a group contributes to passing responsibilities to others.

This behavior can hurt team performance.

Question 53

What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?

Answer 53

often known as the “DSM,” is a reference book on mental health and brain-related conditions and disorders.

Question 54

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 54

mental and behavioral disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities

Question 55

panic disorder

Answer 55

panic attracts

Question 56

anorexia nervosa

Answer 56

fear of gaining wight(eating diorder)

Question 57

bulimia nervosa

Answer 57

eating alot then getting rid of it