Exam 3 Flashcards
definition of cognition
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses how information is process and manipulated
when remembering, thinking, and knowing
https://www.quora.com/What-is-your-way-of-thinking
what are we able to do with mental imagery
If you close your eyes and visualize an apple, what you experience is mental imagery – visual imagery. But mental imagery is far more pervasive in our mental life than just visualizing. It happens in all sense modalities and it plays a crucial role not just in perception, but also in memory, emotions, language, desires and action-execution.
cognition example
Cognition includes all of the conscious and unconscious processes involved in thinking, perceiving, and reasoning. Examples of cognition include paying attention to something in the environment, learning something new, making decisions, processing language, sensing and perceiving environmental stimuli, solving problems, and using memory.
mental imagery
refers to the process of creating or recreating experiences in your mind. These experiences can be related to any sensory mode (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory)1. It occurs when an experience significantly resembles the experience of “perceiving” some object, event, or scene, even when that object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses
concept
In cognitive psychology, concepts are defined as the mental categories we use to group objects, events, and ideas according to their common features. Forming concepts helps us to make sense of the world and prepares us to anticipate or predict future events
formal concept
In psychology, a formal concept is an idea or category defined by a concrete or specific set of rules, guidelines, or properties1. For a concept to be considered a formal concept, it must meet all of the guidelines and rules required to fit the concept, or it is not included in the category
natural concepts
Mental representations of events or objects drawn from personal experience.
Developed from either direct or indirect experiences.
Examples include knowing how to put on pants to what a mountain looks like
mechanical solutions
the assumption that psychological processes and behaviors ultimately can be understood in the same way that mechanical or physiological processes are understood. Its explanations of human behavior are based on the model or metaphor of a machine and invoke mechanical causality, reducing complex psychological phenomena to simpler physical phenomena.
Heuristics
Quickly form judgments
Make decisions
Solve problems
Simplify complex problems and avoid cognitive overload but can be bias
Algorithms
step-by-step approaches to solving a problem.
Functional fixedness
mental obstacle that makes us see objects exclusively functioning traditionally. We cannot get past these fixed functions of objects or tools. This stunts our creativity and may hold us back from seeing an object’s full potential.(candal bot and paper clips example)
Mental set
default setting in your brain’s problem-solving software(tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past)
convergent thinking
Focusing on finding a single, correct solution to a problem or question.
Evaluating possibilities and applying established rules and logical reasoning to converge on the best answer or solution.
How does the framing of a problem affect our ability to solve it?
Framing affects problem solving by influencing what we focus on the assumptions we make in solutions we consider a good frame opens up possibilities while a poor frame restricts them
divergent thinking
Divergent thinking is a thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. It is often referred to as lateral thinking and requires coming up with many different answers or routes forward. Divergent thinking is generally non-linear and free-flowing, meaning that there’s no defined route for arriving at a decision. Divergent thinkers are often independent, curious and risk-takers
phonemes
smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word in a language. the sound a letter makes
morphemes
Smallest units of meaning in a language ( cats has two cat-s)
Semantics
meaning of words and sentences, the meaning or interpitations of words.
Syntax
Syntax is the arrangement of words that make a sentence.(The boy jumped happily.
The boy happily jumped.
Happily, the boy jumped)
How do babies and infants acquire language?
Babies are not born with speech or language. This is something they learn from their interactions with others. Within the first year of life, babies say their first words, and they can soon speak full sentences. After only 2–3 years, babies are already quite good at verbal communication and are able to say what they want.
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
people experience the world based on the structure of their language
What is the critical period of language development and
what did we learn from Genie?
Bounded maturational span the first 3 years, and we learned if we don’t do it with in this time we will always have a learning/speaking deficiency
What is Spearman’s theory of intelligence?
Two factors theory by characters intelligence is a single entity G&S factors G is inborn not learned constant affects all mental abilities S factor mini specific abilities learned from social environments affects the particular abilities
What is the difference between the g factor and s factor?
g factor (general factor) represents overall general intelligence that influences performance across various cognitive tasks.
s factors (specific factors) are individualized abilities or skills within certain domains, unique to each task
Practical intelligence by Sternberg
“street smarts.” Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.
by Sternberg creative intelligence
is the ability to invent or imagine a novel solution to a problem or situation. People with this intelligence tend to have a flexible mindset and can adapt quickly to their environment. a moment that you are camping in the woods with some friends and realize that you’ve forgotten your camp coffee pot. The person in your group who figures out a way to successfully brew coffee for everyone would be credited as having higher creative intelligence.
by Sternberg Analytical intelligence
ability to solve problems, employ logical reasoning, and analyze information. It involves skills such as critical thinking, data interpretation, and methodical problem-solving.
Achievement tests
Achievement tests measure what you’ve already learned or accomplished.
Intelligence tests
measure the innate cognitive ability you have right now. Intelligence tests are used to assess an individual’s mental aptitudes and compare them with others, using numerical scores.
Aptitude tests
aim to uncover where you can potentially apply your skills in the future. Aptitude tests measure the ability to learn, while achievement tests measure what we have already learned.
