Exam 3 Flashcards
definition of cognition
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses how information is process and manipulated
when remembering, thinking, and knowing
https://www.quora.com/What-is-your-way-of-thinking
what are we able to do with mental imagery
If you close your eyes and visualize an apple, what you experience is mental imagery – visual imagery. But mental imagery is far more pervasive in our mental life than just visualizing. It happens in all sense modalities and it plays a crucial role not just in perception, but also in memory, emotions, language, desires and action-execution.
cognition example
Cognition includes all of the conscious and unconscious processes involved in thinking, perceiving, and reasoning. Examples of cognition include paying attention to something in the environment, learning something new, making decisions, processing language, sensing and perceiving environmental stimuli, solving problems, and using memory.
mental imagery
refers to the process of creating or recreating experiences in your mind. These experiences can be related to any sensory mode (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory)1. It occurs when an experience significantly resembles the experience of “perceiving” some object, event, or scene, even when that object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses
concept
In cognitive psychology, concepts are defined as the mental categories we use to group objects, events, and ideas according to their common features. Forming concepts helps us to make sense of the world and prepares us to anticipate or predict future events
formal concept
In psychology, a formal concept is an idea or category defined by a concrete or specific set of rules, guidelines, or properties1. For a concept to be considered a formal concept, it must meet all of the guidelines and rules required to fit the concept, or it is not included in the category
natural concepts
Mental representations of events or objects drawn from personal experience.
Developed from either direct or indirect experiences.
Examples include knowing how to put on pants to what a mountain looks like
mechanical solutions
the assumption that psychological processes and behaviors ultimately can be understood in the same way that mechanical or physiological processes are understood. Its explanations of human behavior are based on the model or metaphor of a machine and invoke mechanical causality, reducing complex psychological phenomena to simpler physical phenomena.
Heuristics
Quickly form judgments
Make decisions
Solve problems
Simplify complex problems and avoid cognitive overload but can be bias
Algorithms
step-by-step approaches to solving a problem.
Functional fixedness
mental obstacle that makes us see objects exclusively functioning traditionally. We cannot get past these fixed functions of objects or tools. This stunts our creativity and may hold us back from seeing an object’s full potential.(candal bot and paper clips example)
Mental set
default setting in your brain’s problem-solving software(tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past)
convergent thinking
Focusing on finding a single, correct solution to a problem or question.
Evaluating possibilities and applying established rules and logical reasoning to converge on the best answer or solution.
How does the framing of a problem affect our ability to solve it?
Framing affects problem solving by influencing what we focus on the assumptions we make in solutions we consider a good frame opens up possibilities while a poor frame restricts them
divergent thinking
Divergent thinking is a thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. It is often referred to as lateral thinking and requires coming up with many different answers or routes forward. Divergent thinking is generally non-linear and free-flowing, meaning that there’s no defined route for arriving at a decision. Divergent thinkers are often independent, curious and risk-takers
phonemes
smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word in a language. the sound a letter makes
morphemes
Smallest units of meaning in a language ( cats has two cat-s)
Semantics
meaning of words and sentences, the meaning or interpitations of words.
Syntax
Syntax is the arrangement of words that make a sentence.(The boy jumped happily.
The boy happily jumped.
Happily, the boy jumped)
How do babies and infants acquire language?
Babies are not born with speech or language. This is something they learn from their interactions with others. Within the first year of life, babies say their first words, and they can soon speak full sentences. After only 2–3 years, babies are already quite good at verbal communication and are able to say what they want.
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
people experience the world based on the structure of their language
What is the critical period of language development and
what did we learn from Genie?
Bounded maturational span the first 3 years, and we learned if we don’t do it with in this time we will always have a learning/speaking deficiency
What is Spearman’s theory of intelligence?
Two factors theory by characters intelligence is a single entity G&S factors G is inborn not learned constant affects all mental abilities S factor mini specific abilities learned from social environments affects the particular abilities
What is the difference between the g factor and s factor?
g factor (general factor) represents overall general intelligence that influences performance across various cognitive tasks.
s factors (specific factors) are individualized abilities or skills within certain domains, unique to each task
Practical intelligence by Sternberg
“street smarts.” Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.
by Sternberg creative intelligence
is the ability to invent or imagine a novel solution to a problem or situation. People with this intelligence tend to have a flexible mindset and can adapt quickly to their environment. a moment that you are camping in the woods with some friends and realize that you’ve forgotten your camp coffee pot. The person in your group who figures out a way to successfully brew coffee for everyone would be credited as having higher creative intelligence.
by Sternberg Analytical intelligence
ability to solve problems, employ logical reasoning, and analyze information. It involves skills such as critical thinking, data interpretation, and methodical problem-solving.
Achievement tests
Achievement tests measure what you’ve already learned or accomplished.
Intelligence tests
measure the innate cognitive ability you have right now. Intelligence tests are used to assess an individual’s mental aptitudes and compare them with others, using numerical scores.
Aptitude tests
aim to uncover where you can potentially apply your skills in the future. Aptitude tests measure the ability to learn, while achievement tests measure what we have already learned.
reliability
Reliability focuses on consistency and stability of a measure.
Reliability ensures consistent results,
What is emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. It involves perceiving, understanding, expressing, and controlling emotions, and using emotional information to guide thinking and behavior. EI is useful for navigating work life, relationships, education, and overall well-being
validity
Validity focuses on accuracy and truthfulness of a measure. while validity ensures accurate representation of the construct being measured
How do genes influence our intelligence?
Intelligence is strongly influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies show that IQ scores of identical twins may be more similar than those of fraternal twins, and siblings who were raised together in the same environment have more similar IQs than those of adopted children who were brought up in the same household. It is likely that a large number of genes are involved in intelligence, each of which makes only a small contribution to a person’s intelligence. The genes that are strongly linked to intelligence are involved in pathways that play a part in the regulation of the nervous system’s development and apoptosis
Intrinsic motivation:
Comes from within the individual and involves doing something for its inherent satisfaction.( pleasure in a sport, valenering)
Extrinsic motivation:
Comes from outside the individual and involves behavior driven by external rewards or punishments.( mponey for doing work, praise for compleating a task)
how the drive reduction theory works
hunger creates a drive to eat. Actions that reduce the tension or satisfy the need are reinforced, making it more likely that the individual will engage in the behavior again when faced with the same need or tension in the future.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
It proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. Too little or too much arousal results in poorer performance.
Under which arousal level do we perform most optimally?
moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low, performance tends to suffer (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). Robert Yerkes (pronounced “Yerk-EES”) and John Dodson discovered that the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed.
How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs work? What are we striving for?
human motivation that organizes needs into a hierarchy,Physiological needs (survival)
Safety needs
Social well-being
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Internal locus of control:
Belief that individuals have control over their own actions and outcomes.
External locus of control:
Belief that external factors or luck dictate one’s fate
What is self-determination theory?
person’s own ability to manage themselves, to make confident choices, and to think on their own
How can you use your knowledge of motivation to achieve your goals?
Keep a gratitude journal Remember why you set your goals in the first place Practice resilience Lean on your support network Look for success stories Visualize the future you want Maintain a positive energy
What is the set point as it relates to hunger and weight?
body has a natural mechanism that maintains a set body weight If the weight falls lower than the set point, the body’s metabolism slows down and hunger increases to regain the lost weight.
Why is it that we retain weight? How is it adaptive?
losing weight triggers biological mechanisms that make it harder to keep the weight off — including a slower metabolism.
What are the facets/characteristics of emotion?
Subjective experience: How we feel internally.
Physiological response: Changes in our body (e.g., heart rate, sweating).
Behavioral or expressive response: How we express our emotions (e.g., crying, shouting).
Psychological appraisal: Our interpretation of the situation.
Cognition: Thoughts related to the emotion.
The James-Lange theory
two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
suggests that contractions of the facial muscles communicate our feelings not only to others but also to ourselves. In other words, our facial movements directly influence our emotional state and our mood even if the circumstances around us don’t change!
What is the misattribution of arousal?
A theme park date may excite a young man. The rollercoaster actually caused his heart to race, but he attributes the sensation to his date.different stimuli may have caused it.
How are emotions characterized by two dimensions? What are the dimensions?
1.) valence: positive or pleasurable, and negative or distressing, and 2.) level of arousal: a range from low to high intensity.
What is the behavioral feedback effect?
how our actions can influence our thoughts, feelings, and future behaviors. It shows the connection between our behavior and our psychological state.(forcing a smile can actually make us feel happier)
stress
mental response that is produced by your body due to changes or challenges that a human experiences.
stressor
something that causes a state of strain or tension
distress
extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain
Eustress
stress that is positive, healthy, and beneficial
catastrophes
event causing great and often sudden damage or suffering; a disaster
What is the General Adaption Syndrome
three stages:
Alarm: Initial reaction to stress, where the body prepares for a “fight or flight” response.
Resistance: The body adapts to the stressor and tries to cope with it.
Exhaustion: If stress continues, the body’s resources are depleted, leading to physical and mental health problems.
problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.
Problem-focused coping aims to eliminate or change the source of your stress. Emotion-focused coping helps you change the way you react to your stressors
subjective experience
how we feel internally(. It is influenced by our past experiences, beliefs, emotions, and personal understanding of reality)
physiological response
occur in the body when faced with emotions or stress. These responses are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and can include:
Increased heart rate
Heightened senses
Readiness for immediate action
Learn more:
behavioral or expressive response
how we express our emotions
psychological appraisal
our interpterion of the situation assess an individual’s potential for future performance based on their emotional, intellectual, and motivational characteristics
cognition
thoughts related to emotion
alarm
initial reaction to stress body prepares for fight or flight response
resistance
the body adapts to the stressor and tries to cope with it
exhaustion
if the stress continues the body depletes sand can cause health problems
why were baboons studied and perfect model?
close to humans bc they stress out and have higharcese
what stress hormone was studied
adrediline , and glucocorticoid
what tribe baboon was high in stress and what baboon was low in stress
top males had less lower had more
how does chronic stress affect life expectancy
high blood pressure, the reproductive system, over bad health
how/ why do we get stomach ulcers
a bacteria that accours when we shit down the Amun system causing them
how does stress effects our ability to feel pleasure
our dopamine is less
what did Roseboom find in Reasearch of potential exposure to stress hormones after the Dutch winter
the women fetus were affected during this time the babies also were affected and had stress and bad health throughout their lifetimes
care takers of children with dis abilities and what did may find
they die earlier than most 1 year is 6 years to them but by talking to other people that go through the same thing as them helps
stress management
control your life
