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Biology: Physiology & Anatomy > PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Social Psychology

A

scientific study of ones thoughts, feelings and behaviors based on how one interacts with the presence of people or the thought of presence

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2
Q

In what two ways do we explain peoples behavior?

A

External (situational) attribution- credits/blames situation

Internal (dispositional) attribution-
credits/blames persons character

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3
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error- Feynman

A

When explaining others behaviors we often overestimate internal attribution (persons characters/traits) versus Situationa

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4
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

Overestimate of how much people evaluate and view us

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5
Q

Regarding emotions what is the facts about how it relates to how others make us feel?

A

Emotions are contagious, because of others emotions your feelings and thoughts can change

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6
Q

What causes Empathy?

A

The ability to feel what others feel

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7
Q

In what 3 ways do people influence our behavior?

A

Obedience, Compliance, and Conformity

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8
Q

Compliance, Obedience, and Conformity - Feynman

A

Obedience is behavior change due to taking orders from authority

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9
Q

What are the reasons people listen to influence of behavior (obedience and conformity)?

A

Obedience- to gain informational intelligence, Confrmity- to be right or to be liked

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10
Q

Why do people conform?

A

Intelligence Influence and Normative Influence

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11
Q

External (situational) attribution vs Internal (dispositional) attribution

A

External is giving credit/blame to situation while Internal is giving credit/blame to persons traits

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12
Q

What is science?

A

Science is the systematic study of the world through experimentation and observation

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13
Q

What are some ways that our casual observations might be biased?

A

Because of the many errors flaws in our thinking
Hindsight Bias “I knew it along” and Overconfidence bias “we think we know more than we do”

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14
Q

When did Psychology become a science?

A

1879 (First psychological lab)
Allowed to measure people’s reaction to stimuli

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15
Q

What were the two early schools of thought in psychology and what was each school’s goal?

A

Structuralism-wanted to see structure of humans mind
Introspection- reporting of feelings and did not work because it was believed to be prone to bias

Functionalism- interested in function of human mind

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16
Q

What is introspection and what were some problems with this method?

A

Introspection was looking at feelings and emotionis when exposed to external situations and did not work becauseit was prone to bias

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17
Q

Physcology today

A

focuses on cognitive and behavior

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18
Q

What is “Behaviorism”?

A

scientist begin to look outside- mind behaviorism is observable behavior

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19
Q

What was a consequence of the “Cognitive Revolution”

A

Scientist begin to look at both behavior and inner thoughts + feelings

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20
Q

Descriptive methods

A

objectively describe behavior, feelings, etc as they are

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21
Q

Theory

A

big idea that summarizes observations/what we saw

22
Q

Hypothesis

A

More specific prediction based on theory

23
Q

Data

A

what we measure/observe that supports rejects or revises theory - data supports or rejects theory

24
Q

What does it mean to say that science is a “self-correcting” process?

A

through new evidence and experiements theories of the past can be refined and changed

25
Q

Descriptive methods

A
26
Q

What were the two main types of descriptive methods discussed in class?

A

Surveys/Interviews- asks people to report behavior and feelings

Random sapmpling- selecting random set from population to fairly show populations interest

27
Q

Correlation methods-

A

show how two variables correlate with each other and can predict another

Positive- as one goes up one goes up
Zero correlation-no relationship pattern seen
Negative- as one goes up another goes down

28
Q
A
29
Q

Experimental methods

A

test for cause and effect

30
Q

Dependent variable and IV

A

The dependent variable depends on the independent variable.

The independent variable stands on its own, so it does not depend on anything.

The dependent is the result of the independent variable.

31
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A

Scientific study of our thoughts feelings and behaviors influenced by where we are and who we are with (social situations)

32
Q

Bystander Effect and “Reciprocity norm”

A

Bystander effect”= less likely to help when others are present vs alone“ Reciprocity norm”=asking for larger favor in order to get smaller favor

33
Q

Describe what is meant by emotional contagion. Is there any evidence that other peoples’ emotions can cause a change in our emotional experiences? If so, what has this research found? How does the presence of others affect the intensity of our emotions?

A

Emotions are contagious and effect how we feel and how hard we feel it

Because we are able to feel what other feels we can empathize with others

34
Q

Describe Stanley Milgram’s (1974) obedience experiments. Approximately what percentage of participants were willing to follow the orders in Milgram’s original study? Were similar results obtained when Milgram’s experiments were repeated?

A

tested when/why people will inflict
harm on others if directed by an
authority-65%

35
Q

When and why do people obey

A

Authority and victim Informational Influence

36
Q

Define “normative” and “informational” influences.

A

normative is conforming to be liked and informational is conforming to right

37
Q

What conditions increase the likelihood that people will conform to social influence?

A

Smaller vs. larger group sizes?
– Feel incompetent or insecure?
– Collectivism vs. Individualism

38
Q

Personality

A

ones unique patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving is personality

39
Q

What do Personality Psychologists study? How does Personality Psychology compare to Social Psychology?

A

Personality Psychology- focuses on person
Vs social psychology focuses on how person interacts when others are involved

40
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A

dynamic interaction
between the conscious and
unconscious minds

41
Q

Describe Freud’s view of “the unconscious.” According to Freud, what are the id, ego, and superego?

A

Freud believed most mind is hidden (unconscious)

1, Id: unconsciously drives us to seek pleasure, immediate gratification
2. Superego: focuses on ideals and how we “ought to” or how are we supposed to behave
3. Ego: finds balance between superego and id, satisfy id desires without long term cost

42
Q

What assessments do psychodynamic theorists use to study personality?

A

Psychodynamic assessments to study personality by studying unconscious

43
Q

Projective test

A

Explanation after image is shown assumes to show inner/feelings thoughts

44
Q

What are two examples of projective tests?

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Rorschach Inkblot Test

45
Q

The “Big Five” Personality Factors

A

(CANOE) Conscientiousness (organized, careful, discipline), Agreeableness (helpful, soft-hearted, trusting) Neuroticism (Anxious, insecure, self pitying), Openness (imaginitive, prefers variety, independent), Extraversion (sociable, fun-loving affectionate)

46
Q

How do modern psychologists view Freud’s ideas?

A

Research contradicts many of Freud’s ideas

47
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

*Assess personality by asking
people to evaluate their self-
concept

48
Q

Describe “trait theories” of personality. What are traits? What types of assessments do trait theorists use?

A

traits are described regarding personality by people’s characteristic
behaviors and conscious motives through personality inventories (questionnares, true or false)

49
Q

“Social-cognitive”

A

examine characteristic patterns of
behavior and conscious motives (“traits”)
4. Social-cognitive theories: explore interaction
between people’s traits (including their thinking)
and their social situations (or environments

50
Q

Explain Martin & Gray 1996

A

a

Biology: Physiology & Anatomy (10 decks)

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