PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
Who are the ¨fathers¨ of the science of the mind?
- Sigmund Freud
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Ivan Pavlov
What is psychology?
the study of the mind and behavior
what is a psychologist
treats patient through psychotherapy, behavioral change, medical doctor, prescribing medication
clinical psychologist
different human performance aspects through a persons life, cultures, they use all that to promote their well-being & development
what is cognitive psychology
investigates internal mental processes
developmental psychology
- all ages
- overlaps w/different fields
- studies the changes that happen in their life span because of their experiences
evolutionary psychology
- human behavior
- adapting
- psychological adjustments during evolution
forensic psychology
psychology x criminal investigation x law
health psychology?
observes how behavior, biology, social illness & health
neuropsychology
structure & function of the brain through a psychological process & behaviors
occupational
organizational psychologists that help & make recommendations about people at work/training
social psychology
methods used for how social influences impact behavior
cognitive
1970s theorists believe that we take info & connect it to the ones that are already stored
becoming a psychologist
licensed practice w/a doctoral degree in field of psychology from a university, but different states have requirements
neuroscience (def)
the systemic study that studies the structure & function of the human brain & nervous system
neuroscience (uses)
- chemistry
- anatomy
- biology
- data
- physiology
- x-rays
- experiments
(uses the hard sciences to map the human brain & behavior)
The Libet Experiment: The Unconscious
the choice was already made by the brain before the person decided to
(brain before human)
the history of the science of the mind and behavior: psychoanalytic theory & Sigmund freud
Sigmund believed that mental health was as equal to physical health
(healing the mind = healed our body)
Who was psychoanalysis founded by
sigmund freud (1856 - 1930)
what did freud believed with psychoanalysis
people could be cured of psychological illness by making conscious their unconscious thoughts & motivations
what is the aim of psychoanalysis
this therapy is to release repressed emotions & experiences
hysteria
mostly said to women/diagnosed; medical psychiatric condition
pseudoscience
anything that pretends to be science but is no
DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(is the handbook used by health care professionals in the United States)
ICD
The International Classification of Diseases
(is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of mortality statistics)
defining hysteria
behavior exhibiting overwhelming or unmanageable fear or emotional excess
symptoms of hysteria
- paralysis
- fainting
- seizures
- chronic pain
- blindness
- loss of sensation
- hallucinations
- amnesia
- histrionic behavior
- extreme emotions
- outbursts
diagnosis of hysteria
dissociative or somatic disorder
dissociative disorders
a mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity
somatic symptom disorder
diagnosed when a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning
what are freuds three levels of mind
1) conscious
2) preconscious
3) unconscious
what is the conscious mind
the thoughts and feelings that a person is aware of having at any one time
precociousness mind
unusually advanced or mature in development, especially mental development
unconscious mind
a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness
what are memories created & stored
the process in which the mind interprets, stores, and retrieves information
The hippocampus, located in the brain’s temporal lobe
the types of memories
1) sensory memory
2) short-term memory
3) working memory
4) long-term memory
psychological unconscious
the complex of mental activities within an individual that proceed without his awareness
freuds main ideas
human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges
The mind has three components
id, ego, and superego
repression
a kind of holding back or holding down
identification
the act of finding out who someone is or what something is
displacement
the removal of something from its usual place or position by something which then occupies that place or position
displacement
the removal of something from its usual place or position by something which then occupies that place or position
projection
an estimate of future possibilities based on a current trend
what did the behaviorist believe
human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment
what did the behaviorist movement
environmental stimuli and consequences shape behavior and that learning occurs through a process of operant conditioning.
types of behaviorism
methodological behaviorism & radical behaviorism
types of behavioral learning
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
doctor freud vs. doctor skinner
Skinner disagreed with Freud’s idea that childhood plays an important role in shaping our personality
social health
our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships with others
communicable vs. non-communicable
often transmitted from person to person vs. not typically spread from one person to another
different schools of psychology
- Structuralism
- functionalism
- psychoanalysis
- behaviorism
- Gestalt
hummanstic
focuses on each individual’s potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization
congnitive
the branch of psychology dedicated to studying how people think
Dr. Beck
father of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and is one of the world’s leading researchers in psychopathology
psychopathology
the study of psychological and behavioral dysfunction occurring in mental illness or in social disorganization
studying depression
characterized by a low mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time
Dr. Becks goal
to help his depressed patients identify their distorted thoughts about themselves, the world, and the future, along with their automatic thoughts, or surface-level cognitions
CBT (what it is)
a type of talking therapy
CBT (goal)
to replace dysfunctional constructs with more flexible and adaptive cognitions
CBT Steps
efforts to change thinking patterns
negative psychology
focuses on solving the problems of others
positive psychology
focuses on the positive experiences of others and learning from those experiences to nurture and enrich their lives further
Christopher Peterson
the scientific study of what goes right in life, from birth to death and at all stops in between
3 maxims
1) Quality, to be truthful
2) Relation, to say only what is relevant to a conversation
3) Quantity, to provide as much information as required
martin seligman & his 3 paths to happiness
1) Pleasure and Gratification
2) Embodiment of Strengths and Virtues
3) Meaning and Purpose.
what is mental health?
well being in which the individual realizes their own abilities, cope w/ normal stresses of life, work productively, able to make a contribution to their community
what is mental illness?
a wide range of mental health conditions - disorders that affect your mood, thinking a behavior
what is linguistic relativity?
language shapes thought
who created the sapin ~ whorf hypothesis?
Edward Sapir & Benjamin Lee Whorf
what does the sapin ~ whorf hypothesis state?
the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought & behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken
What are risk factors?
any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury
what are some adverse childhood experiences?
- growing up in addiction
- poverty
- close family passing away
protective factors…?
characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of negative outcomes or that reduce a risk factor’s impact
what influences our understandings of “normal”?
- cultures
- news & media
- personal experiences
- values & prejudices & medicine/science
diagnosis vs. labels
diagnosis is an approximation of understanding, which does not, in our current state of knowledge, fully describe the genetic, physiological, biochemical, environmental, and behavioral contributors to a disorder.
A label does not define a complex human being
def. of the 4D’s?
could be a valuable tool when assisting traits = mental illness/conditions
the 4D’s in order?
1) Deviance
2) Distress
3) Dysfunction
4) Danger
what is Deviance?
behaviors/thoughts that are different than society’s idea about proper
what is Distress?
behavior or emotion cause someone to feel uncomfy/emotionally hurt
what is Dysfunction?
behaviors interfere w/daily functioning (school/having healthy relationships)
what is danger?
behavior causing harm to individual or others
types of mental illness:
- anxiety
- mood disorders
- personality disorders
- psychotic disorders
- substance abuse disorders
- eating disorders
- trauma related disorders
what is health psychology?
is the application of psychology theory & neuroscience to health, illness & healthcare
what is health psychology often referred?
behavioral medicine or medical psychology
what are the two sub-fields of health psychology included?
- behavioral health focuses on prevention of health problems & illness
- behavioral medicine focuses on treatment
what are the goals of health?
understanding behavioral & social factors for physical & mental illness
what does the biopsychophysiology model view health behaviors & illness as products of what?
1) biological characteristics (such as genes)
2) behavioral factors (lifestyles, stress, health beliefs)
3) social conditions (cultural influences, family relationships, social support)
(biopsychophysiology model) getting them on medication…
looking more at biology
(biopsychophysiology model) getting them out of homelessness…
looking more at social
(biopsychophysiology model) mental well-being…
looking more at psychology
