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psychology Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

study of the mind and behaviour

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2
Q

Archetypes

A

images, objects, or themes connected to a concept
connect us to emotions
Ex: “hero”

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3
Q

Cognition

A

set of all mental abilities ex. memory

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4
Q

Self-actualization

A

to live a meaningful life

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5
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

a conflict between who u are and who u think u should be

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6
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

reduction of drive to do something

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7
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

focusing on a person’s traits while not focusing on the situation

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8
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of sense of self in group settings

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9
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

learning human behaviour
how do we learn
how does learning shape our behaviour
how can we influence or control behaviour
Ex. Pavlov’s dog- food with bell

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10
Q

Psychodynamics perspective

A

life experiences
connections between conscious and unconscious mind
how do childhood experiences shape our personality
what can our unconscious mind reveal about our conscious mind
Ex. Talk therapy

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11
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

a person is the best source of their learning
how can people achieve their greatest potential
what can we learn from past experiences
how can qualitative information help us understand humans
Ex. Hierarch of needs pyramid

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12
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

mental processes of brain to explain behaviour, desires, disorder
how does the brain develop
how do we remember
does memory change over time
Ex. Bobo experiment

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13
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

awareness of objects, environment, self, etc.
ages 0-2

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14
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

playing, ideas of the real world, questions about how and why
ages 2-7

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15
Q

Concrete operations

A

logic and sense of others
ages 7-11

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16
Q

Formal operational stage

A

developing thinking, problem-solving
ages 11-16+

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17
Q

Nature

A

genetics
looks, intelligence

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18
Q

Nurture

A

environment
education, achievements, personality, intelligence

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19
Q

Theory of mind/personality

A

Human mind has 3 aspects, the way we think, feel, and act

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20
Q

ID

A

Unconscious
Follows the pleasure
Doesn’t think about consequences
Ex: I have $5 I want chicken I’m gonna steal it

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21
Q

Superego

A

Preconscious
Seeks to control ids with morals
Helps judge right from wrong
Ex: not stealing

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22
Q

Ego

A

Conscious
Follows reality
In between I’d and superego needs
Ex: buying food with the $5

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23
Q

Psychosexual theory

A

Born with impulse to pleasure and avoid pain
Personality is formed as id, superego or ego dominates

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24
Q

Stage 1: oral

A

Birth-18 months
Ids: sucking breasts/bottle, placing things in mouth
Conflicts: taking away is baby’s first conflict between desire and reality
signs in adulthood: overeating, smoking, nail biting

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25
Q

Oral receptive

A

Preoccupied with eating/drinking, smoking, biting nails. These people are generally passive

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26
Q

Oral aggressive

A

verbally abusive to others

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27
Q

Stage 2: Anal

A

18 months-3 years old
id: resisting toilet training
^conflict
signs it won: meanness, obsessive neatness, resentment of authority

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28
Q

Anal retentive

A

Seek order and tidiness, are perfectionists

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29
Q

Anal explosive

A

Messy, careless, not great self control

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30
Q

Stage 3: Phallic

A

3-6 years
ids: awareness of sex organs, love hate relationship with same sex parent
conflict: taught to not expose themselves
signs Id won: selfishness, manipulative, poor opposite sex relationships

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31
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Boy does not like father because he wants mothers time and love
Castration anxiety: fear of losing penis

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32
Q

Electra complex

A

Girls hate their mother because they lack penis
Penis envy: notice difference between girls and boys, have sexual desire for fathers

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33
Q

Stage 4: Latency

A

6-puberty
id: same sex friends, few opposite sex
no conflicts
signs id won: lack of close friends

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34
Q

Stage 5: Genital

A

adolescents
ids: dating, marriage, sexual energy
conflict: directs sexual impulses
signs id won: guilt about sexuality, poor sexual relationships, feelings of inadequacy

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35
Q

defense mechanisms

A

How the ego protects itself from tension and anxiety

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36
Q

1)Repression

A

“Forgetting” or pushing unacceptable thoughts or impulses into unconscious
Ex:blocking out a car accident to not be emotional

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37
Q

2)Rationalization

A

Conjuring up socially acceptable reasons for thoughts or actions based on unacceptable motives
Ex:failing a test that u didn’t study for and saying the teacher sucks

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38
Q

3.Displacement

A

Redirecting an emotional response from a dangerous object to a safe one
Ex:boss made u mad at work, u get home and take it out on ur family

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39
Q

4)Projection

A

Transferring unacceptable motives or impulses to others
Ex:being jealous of someone, denying it, saying someone else is jealous instead

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40
Q

5)Regression

A

Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development
Ex: throwing a tantrum when your 25

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41
Q

6)Denial

A

The refusal to acknowledge a threat
Ex:getting feedback to improve work and saying wdym no it’s perfect

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42
Q

7)Reaction Formation

A

The anxiety producing impulse is replaced by its exact opposite
Ex: u hate someone sm but u be fake and act like u love them

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43
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

how unconscious mind and early experiences affect how people think and behave

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44
Q

Males see….

A

umbrellas, knives, swords, airplanes, guns, etc.

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45
Q

Females see…

A

boxes, caves, pockets, closets, etc

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46
Q

Fee Association

A

method that encourages people to say whatever comes to their mind
thought to help emotional feelings appear

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47
Q

Catharsis

A

letting out emotional feelings a person experiences when reliving an emotional experience

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48
Q

Carl Jung

A

student of Freud
believed 2 parts to the unconscious mind
personal: unique to a person
collective: shared by all human beings

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49
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

very light, right after falling asleep
4-5% of total sleep

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50
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

45-50% of total sleep

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51
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

4-6% of sleep
no eye movement

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52
Q

Stage 4 of sleep

A

deepest sleep, 12-15%
nightmares/dreams and sleepwalking happens

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53
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM)

A

most important sleep stage
can be in 4

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54
Q

How much sleep?

A

Infants: 16 hours
Teenagers: 9 hours
Adults: 7-8 hours

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55
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Lana and Zoka dye their hair (UCS) together every Friday while watching Hunger Games (CS). the smell of hair dye gives Lana a headache (UCR). on Saturday Lana went to Zoka’s house and watched the hunger games. Lana got a headache (CR).

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56
Q

Generalization

A

responding in the same way to a similar stimuli
ex. being afraid of all flying insects after getting stung by a bee

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57
Q

discrimination

A

responding differently to similar stimuli
Ex. scared to take math tests but not SAP test

58
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

step-by-step method to get rid of fears by getting used to them

59
Q

Systematic desensitization process

A

visualize the fear
show them components of their fear
picture of the fear
bring fear into the same room
have them hold it

60
Q

Pavlov’s dog experiment

A

paired a bell with food and eventually, the bell alone made the dog salivate

61
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which the consequences of behaviour produce changes in the probability that the behaviour will occur

62
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding a desired reward after the behavior to increase the chances of it happening again
ex. praising a student for working hard

63
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthen behavior by removing an unwanted consequences to decrease the chances of it happening again
ex. moving the test next week because the class is working hard

64
Q

positive punishment

A

ex. getting detention for being late to class

65
Q

negative punishment

A

bob doesn’t pick up his toys so his dad takes away his favourite toy

66
Q

Human Brain

A

most complex organ
made up of 100 billion nerves
keeps working when asleep

67
Q

Brain facts

A

weights 3Ibs - reaches at 6 years old
doesn’t feel pain
uses 20% of the energy and oxygen of the body

68
Q

Brain Structure & Function

A

40% grey matter
60% white matter
wrinkled outer is cerebral cortex
regulates many functions like personality and memory

69
Q

Right hemisphere

A

controls left side of body
communicating emotion
analyzing non-verbal information

70
Q

Left hemisphere

A

controls right side of body
produce and understand language

71
Q

Corpus callosum

A

communication between left and right hemisphere

72
Q

Frontal lobe

A

thinking, planning, problem-solving

73
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory, awareness

74
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

75
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination, balance, motor skills

76
Q

spinal cord

A

transmitting signals between body and brain

77
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory

78
Q

Synapses

A

how the neurons communicate

79
Q

Teenage brain

A

frontal and temporal lobes not fully developed therefore teenagers make dumb decisions

80
Q

Mental Health problems

A

occurs from life stress
will resolve with time
ex. sadness
results in mental disorder if it continues or worsens

81
Q

Mental Health disorders

A

not being able to function effectively in everyday life due to feelings, thoughts, etc.

82
Q

Mental health in middle ages

A

thought it was caused by evil spirits in body
thought u were a witch
burned u

83
Q

Mental health in 1700-1800

A

admitted to mental hospitals
treatments like electro-shock

84
Q

Mental health in 1900s

A

medications developed
therapies began
only serious disorders were admitted to mental hospitals

85
Q

Mental illness

A

due to environmental factors
can vary in severity and length
cured through therapy or medication
Ex. mood disorders, eating disorders

86
Q

Mental disease

A

due to biological factors
Ex. Dementias

87
Q

Psychotic disorder

A

severe mental disorders

88
Q

Neurotic disorder

A

emotional disorder that has physical, mental symptom’s

89
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

1 in 10 people
common in women
18% of Canadians

90
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

feel anxious and worried most of the time
can be about work, health, family etc.

91
Q

Social anxiety

A

anxious about performing in front of others, engaging in social situations, etc.
fear of being judged, laughed at, etc.

92
Q

Panic disorder

A

panic attacks are common
does anything to avoid them

93
Q

Separation anxiety

A

fear of being separated from a person they are attached to
often develops in childhood

94
Q

OCD

A

may involve an obsession a compulsion or both

95
Q

PTSD

A

occurs when a person has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a serious accident, war, etc.
relive through flashbacks or nightmares
strong reactions to reminders of the experience

96
Q

Specific Phobias

A

an intense fear of something

97
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

most common
a loss of pleasure in life
suicidal thoughts

98
Q

Dysthymia

A

less severe depression

99
Q

Post-partum depression

A

depression after childbirth

100
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

depression in winter when there is less sun
treated with light therapy

101
Q

Bi-polar disorder

A

extreme lows and extreme highs
reckless or risky behavior
Mania: manic

102
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

thinking ur overweight
self-worth connected to body weight
self starve or over-exercise

103
Q

Bulimia

A

binge eating then throwing it up, or using laxatives
damages digestive system

104
Q

Rumination

A

re chewing re swallowed or spit out

105
Q

Orthorexia

A

only eating foods regarded as healthy

106
Q

Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

A

limitation in the amount or types of food eaten

107
Q

Pica

A

eating tings that are not food

108
Q

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

A

binge eating then feeling guilty

109
Q

Neurodevelopment disorders

A

caused by genetic mutations, brain injuries, exposure to toxins, etc.

110
Q

Intellectual & Learning disabilities

A

ex. down syndrome

111
Q

Tic Disorders & Tourette syndrome

A

caused sudden uncontrolled repeated movements or sounds

112
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

occur from hard hit to the head

113
Q

ADHD

A

inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

114
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

impairs social interaction, communication

115
Q

Savant syndrome

A

has an illness but an area of expertise

116
Q

Autistic savant syndrome

A

a person with ASD and savant

117
Q

Dementias

A

loss of memory, physical ability
can be caused by head injuries, some medications, drugs, etc.

118
Q

Schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, breaks from reality

119
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

suspicious of others and think people are out to get them

120
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

bipolar
no hallucinations

121
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

withdrawn, negative, and isolated
motionless for long periods of time

122
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Schizophrenia as well as mood disorder such as depression

123
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

not assigned to a subtype

124
Q

Avoidant Personality disorder

A

extreme shyness, sensitivity to criticism

125
Q

Borderline Personality disorder

A

instability in relationships, emotions, poor self image

126
Q

Dependent Personality disorder

A

clingy behaviour

127
Q

Histrionic Personality disorder

A

excessive emotion and attention seeking

128
Q

attention-seeking

A
129
Q

narcissistic Personality disorder

A

need for admiration and lack of empathy

130
Q

obsessive compulsive Personality disorder

A

basically ocd

131
Q

Paranoid Personality disorder

A

suspicious of others

132
Q

Schizoid Personality disorder

A

detached from social interaction and showing little emotion

133
Q

Anti Social Personality disorder (ASPD)

A

psychopaths and sociopaths
brains look diff from normal people

134
Q

Sociopath

A

acts out in public easy to spot
uneducated
spontaneous

135
Q

Psychopath

A

not easy to spot
pathological liars
manipulative
educated

136
Q

Serial Killer

A

a person who kills more than 3 people

137
Q

Motivation for serial killers

A

Visionary
Mission oriented
pleasure
power/control

138
Q

nature of serial killers

A

defects in brain
lack of remorse
signs of psychopath

139
Q

nurture of serial killers

A

neglect and abuse at home

140
Q

Triad of all evil theory

A

violent people have these 3 characteristics in childhood
bedwetting (after age 5)
cruelty to animals
fire setting

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