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bio genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

Genes

A

instructions in DNA that determine traits

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3
Q

Trait

A

an inherited characteristic (eye colour, hair colour, etc)

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

An Austrian monk, made the first discoveries about how traits are inherited by studying pea plants

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5
Q

Alleles

A

different versions of a gene

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6
Q

Dominant Allele

A

an allele that is fully expressed. Symbolized
by a capital letter

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7
Q

Recessive Allele

A

an allele that is hidden when paired with a
dominant allele. Symbolized by the SAME
letter, but a lowercase one

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8
Q

Genotype

A

what forms of genes you have

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

what traits you physically show

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

The alleles of a gene are the same from both parents. (WW, ww)

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles from parents. (Ww)

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12
Q

Laws of heredity

A

Law of Segregation- inherited traits are determined by pairs of alleles, one from the sperm and one from the egg

Law Of Dominance - one allele for a trait is dominant and one is recessive. The dominant one, if present, can hide
the recessive one

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13
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Neither allele can completely hide the
other
superscripts (C^R)

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14
Q

Codominance

A

occurs when both alleles are fully expressed
ex: black and white cows

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15
Q

Polygenic Genes

A

traits that are controlled by multiple genes
ex: skin colour

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

An organism’s DNA is divided into strings in the nucleus
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46

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17
Q

Chromatin

A

loose strands of DNA, found in interphase

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18
Q

Chromatids

A

duplicated DNA that are attached together by a centromere

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19
Q

Somatic (body) cells

A

are diploid (46 chromosomes in humans)

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20
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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21
Q

Gamete (sex) cells

A

are haploid (23 chromosomes)

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22
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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23
Q

Mitosis

A

process of 1 diploid parent cell producing 2 diploid daughter cells

24
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense
nucleus dissolves

25
Q

Metephase

A

chromosomes lie up in the middle of the cell

26
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides

27
Q

Telophase

A

chromatids reach poles
new nuclei forms

28
Q

Meiosis

A

process of 1 diploid cell producing 4 haploid cells (gametes)

29
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindle fibers form
Crossing over can occur

30
Q

Crossing over

A

parts of chromosomes swap places = variation in offspring

31
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes align along
the center of the cell and are attached
to the spindle fibers

32
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes are
pulled apart by the spindle fibers
Sister chromatids remain
attached

33
Q

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A

Two daughter cells are formed
Each daughter cell has only 1
chromosome of the parent’s homologous
pairs
Each daughter cell is now haploid

34
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane disappears
Spindle fibers form

35
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align at the
equator and attach to the spindle
fibers

36
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart by
the spindle fibers

37
Q

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A

A nuclear envelop forms around
each set of chromosomes
Cytoplasm divides
Four haploid daughter cells have
been produced

38
Q

Genetic Variation

A

increased through meiosis due to crossing over

39
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes that are inherited together
Sometimes this linkage can be broken during crossing-over

40
Q

X chromosomes

A

Female (XX)

41
Q

Y chromosomes

A

Male (XY)
short

42
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Parents pass one sex chromosome to their children
Females can ONLY pass on X chromosomes (sons and daughter)
Males can pass on X or Y chromosomes (X only to daughter)
The chance of having a boy or a girl is always 50:50

43
Q

Sex-Linked Genes

A

determined by the genes found on the X chromosome

44
Q

Nondisjunction

A

when meiosis I or meiosis II fail to separate
Leads to gametes that either missing a chromosome or with one extra chromosome

45
Q

zygote

A

initial cell formed

46
Q

Monosomy

A

missing chromosome
usually results in a non-viable embryo and a miscarriage
exception is Turner’s Syndrome

47
Q

Trisomy

A

extra chromosome
embryos are more likely to be viable, but many still result in miscarriages
ex: Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome)

48
Q

nucleotide is made of

A

A phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose)
A nitrogenous base

49
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine + Thymine
Cytosine + Guanine

50
Q

Gene Mutations

A

occur when there is a change in the nucleotide sequence

51
Q

Artificial selection

A

process where humans selectively breed plants or animals to emphasize certain traits
ex: breeding dogs for specific traits like size

52
Q

Induced mutations

A

causing changes in an organism’s DNA for scientific or agricultural purposes
ex: exposing plants to radiation for crop improvement

53
Q

GMO’s

A

altering an organism’s DNA using genetic engineering techniques
ex: inserting gene from one specie into another to import specific traits

54
Q

Gene therapy

A

Introducing, removing, or modifying genetic material within a cell to treat or prevent sickness
ex: placing a functional gene into cells to replace bad one

55
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

process where organism is created by duplicating its entire genetics
ex: common sense

56
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

process where embryonic stem cells are used to create tissue or organs for medical purposes
ex: common sense

57
Q

Transgenic transplants

A

transporting tissues or organs from organisms that have been genetically modified
ex: common sense

Tests (9 decks)

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