Psychology Flashcards
It refers to how individuals think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
Personality
It refers on how we approach the world, interpret events, and act consistently across situations. It is long term, stable, and not easily changed.
Personality
The word personality comes from the Latin word _____.
Persona
He said that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments
Hippocrates
What are the four separate temperaments?
Choleric
Melancholic
Sanguine
Phlegmatic
Where did choleric temperament came from?
yellow bile from liver
Where did melancholic temperament came from?
black bile from kidneys
Where did sanguine temperament came from?
red blood from heart
Where did phlegmatic temperament came from?
white phlegm from lungs
The influential Greek physician and philosopher who suggests that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humors.
Galen
According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being passionate, ambitious, and bold.
choleric
According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being reserved, anxious, and unhappy.
melancholic
According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being joyful, eager, and optimistic.
sanguine
According to Galen, the characteristics of _______ person are being calm, reliable, and thoughtful.
phlegmatic
A German physician who proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities.
Franz Gall
The pseudoscience of measuring the areas of a person’s skull is called ________.
Phrenology
The 2 pioneers who agreed and contributed to the development of Galen’s four primary temperament types.
Immanuel Kant
Wilhelm Wundt
He agreed with Hippocrates that everyone could be sorted into one of the four temperaments and that there was no overlap between the categories.
Immanuel Kant
He suggested that personality could be achieved using two major axes: emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable.
Wilhelm Wundt
What are the 2 major axes?
Emotional and Non-emotional
Changeable and Unchangeable
The first axis separated ________ from ________ emotions.
Strong; weak
The second aid divided the ________ temperaments from the ________ ones.
changeable; unchangeable
His psychodynamic perspective of personality was the first comprehensive theory of personality, explaining a wide variety of both normal and abnormal behaviors. Who is he?
Sigmund Freud
He said that unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, and childhood experiences, are the forces that influence our personality.
Sigmund Freud
According to Freud, what are the forces that influence our personality?
sex and aggression
childhood experiences
Freud worked with ________, a Viennese physician.
Josef Breuer
What is the real name of Anna O. ?
Bertha Pappenheim
She was one of Breuer’s patients and was experiencing partial paralysis, headaches, blurred vision, amnesia, and hallucinations.
Anna O.
What cure did Breuer discovered that allows Anna O. to talk which relieves her symptoms?
Talking Cure
The story of Anna O. was the basis of Freud and Breuer’s 1895 book, _______.
Studies on Hysteria
Freud compared our Level of Consciousness to an ________.
iceberg
According to Freud, how much of our mind is conscious?
one-tenth; the rest is unconscious
According to Freud, it is the mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access.
Unconscious
According to Freud, it is the process where unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious.
Repression
We sometimes say things that we don’t intend to say by unintentionally substituting another word for the one we meant. This phenomenon is called ________.
Freudian slip
What are the 3 interacting systems in our minds?
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the pleasure principle; unconscious drives.
ID
One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the reality principle; who you are, or self
EGO
One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the morality principle.
SUPEREGO
It is an unconscious protective behavior that aims to reduce anxiety. We are not aware that we are using them.
Defense Mechanism
Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Denial
Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target (an entity). What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Displacement
Attributing negative emotions, thoughts, or behaviors with another person. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Projection
Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less - acceptable real reasons. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Rationalization
Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Reaction Formation
Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Regression
Suppressing painful memories and thoughts. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Repression
Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Sublimation
What are the 4 Major Personality Perspectives?
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Trait Perspective
Social Cognitive Perspective
It emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. What Personality Perspective is this?
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. What Personality Perspective is this?
Humanistic Perspective
It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. What Personality Perspective is this?
Humanistic Perspective
Centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. What Personality Perspective is this?
Trait Perspective
Emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes. What Personality Perspective is this?
Social Cognitive Perspective
Who created the Psychoanalytic Perspective?
Sigmund Freud
What do you call to the theorists who believed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with Freud?
Neo-Freudians Theorists
Who are the Neo-Freudians Theorists?
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality.
Sigmund Freud
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on social elements of personality development, the identity crisis, and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan.
Erik Erikson
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.
Carl Jung
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization.
Alfred Adler
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on overcoming basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world.
Karen Horney
According to Adler, the desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of ________ that Adler believed were universal.
inferiority
Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who emphasized the importance of free will and psychological growth.
Carl Rogers
Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who believed in the inherent goodness of people
Carl Rogers
Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
Theorist under Trait Perspective who suggested that there are three dimensions of personality.
Hans Eysenck
Theorist under Trait Perspective who identified the 16 personality traits.
Raymond Cattell
Theorists under Trait Perspective who introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality.
Robert McCrae
Paul Costa
Theorist under Social Cognitive Perspective who focused on the importance of social learning, or learning through observation.
Albert Bandura
Theorist under Social Cognitive Perspective who emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities.
Albert Bandura
What are the three dimensions of personality?
Extraversion-introversion
Emotional stability-neuroticism
Psychoticism
According to Cattell, this is utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality.
16 personality traits
What are the five key dimensions of personality?
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
What are the Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
It is where pleasure seeking urges, focused on a different area of the body.
Erogenous Zone
It refers to the chewing of objects, which is experienced during Birth to 1 year.
Oral aggressive
It refers to the taking up oral activities; smoking, eating, drinking, which is experienced during Birth to 1 year.
Oral passive
What ages does toilet training occur?
1 to 3 years old
It refers to the obsession with cleanliness, which is under the Anal Stage.
Anal retentive
It characterized by messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts, which is under the Anal Stage.
Anal-expulsive personality
What Psychosexual Stage of Development does children experience difficulty controlling their impulses and get in trouble?
Anal Stage
Children become aware of their bodies. Recognize the difference between girls and boys. They feel desire or jealousy. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?
Phallic stage
Males view father as competition for affection from mother. What phenomenon is this?
Oedipus complex
Fear that father will castrate if child expresses his jealousy of father. What phenomenon is this?
Castration Anxiety
Proposed by Carl Jung, girls are attracted to their fathers and see their mothers as competition. What phenomenon is this?
Electra Complex
Girls get jealous of boys that they do not have a penis. What phenomenon is this?
Penis Envy
No conflicts. Child learning hobbies, developing friendships, and growing. Consolidate gender role identity. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?
Latency Stage
Sexual reawakening. Have mature sexual interests, strong desire for the opposite sex. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?
Genital Stage
A colleague of Freud. First major theorist to break away from Freud. First president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Who is this?
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler is the first president of the ________.
Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Alfred Adler founded ________ school, which focuses on our drive to compensate feeling of inferiority.
Individual Psychology
According to Adler, this is the feeling that they lack worth or they don’t measure up to the standards.
Inferiority complex
According to Adler, this is what drives people to attempt to gain superiority and force behind our emotions thoughts behavior.
Inferiority complex
What are the 3 fundamental social tasks?
Occupational task
Societal tasks
Love tasks
A fundamental social task that focuses on careers.
Occupational task
A fundamental social task that focuses on friendship.
Societal tasks
A fundamental social task that focuses on finding an intimate partner for a long term relationship.
Love tasks
What is the name of Freud’s daughter?
Anna Freud
He met with Freud’s daughter. Proposed psychosocial theory of development. Who is this?
Erik Erikson
This theory suggests that individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. It also focuses on the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development.
Psychosocial Theory of Development
The study on how people affect one another and influence an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Social Psychology
It refers to the emotions, attitudes, the self, how we think about others and ourselves.
Intrapersonal
It refers to helping behavior, aggression, prejudice, discrimination, attraction, relationships; Dyads and groups
Interpersonal
It refers to the behavior pattern expected of a person in a given setting. Could be as a student, parent, teacher, etc.
Social Role
It refers to a culture’s shared knowledge of an individual’s expected behavior in a specific role. Group’s expectations; acceptable behavior; how they should behave and think.
Social Norms
It refers to the evaluation of a person, idea, object which could be positive or negative. It can be influenced by external and internal forces that we control.
Attitude
What are the 3 components of Attitude?
Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive
It refers to the changing our attitude towards something through communication. Usually comes from outside forces.
Persuasion
It refers on how we convince others to change their behavior, belief, attitude.
Persuasion
It refers to a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group.
Prejudice
It refers to a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their characteristics.
Stereotype
It refers to the adverse action toward an individual
due to one’s membership in a particular group.
Discrimination
Sometimes people will act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people, and this behavior is known as ________.
Discrimination
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group
Racism
Blacks are significantly more likely to have their vehicles searched during traffic stops than Whites. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Racism
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex.
Sexism
Women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing. When women behave unfriendly, assertively, or neglectful, they are often disliked for violating their gender role. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Sexism
Women are less likely to be hired or promoted in male-dominated professions such as engineering, aviation, and construction. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Sexism
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination toward
individuals based solely on their age. We form judgments and hold expectations about people based on their age. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Ageism
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation.
Homophobia
Exclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people from social groups and the avoidance of LGBT neighbors and co-workers. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Homophobia
