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Finals Exam Reviewer > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to how individuals think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

A

Personality

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2
Q

It refers on how we approach the world, interpret events, and act consistently across situations. It is long term, stable, and not easily changed.

A

Personality

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3
Q

The word personality comes from the Latin word _____.

A

Persona

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4
Q

He said that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments

A

Hippocrates

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5
Q

What are the four separate temperaments?

A

Choleric
Melancholic
Sanguine
Phlegmatic

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6
Q

Where did choleric temperament came from?

A

yellow bile from liver

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7
Q

Where did melancholic temperament came from?

A

black bile from kidneys

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8
Q

Where did sanguine temperament came from?

A

red blood from heart

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9
Q

Where did phlegmatic temperament came from?

A

white phlegm from lungs

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10
Q

The influential Greek physician and philosopher who suggests that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humors.

A

Galen

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11
Q

According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being passionate, ambitious, and bold.

A

choleric

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12
Q

According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being reserved, anxious, and unhappy.

A

melancholic

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13
Q

According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being joyful, eager, and optimistic.

A

sanguine

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14
Q

According to Galen, the characteristics of _______ person are being calm, reliable, and thoughtful.

A

phlegmatic

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15
Q

A German physician who proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities.

A

Franz Gall

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16
Q

The pseudoscience of measuring the areas of a person’s skull is called ________.

A

Phrenology

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17
Q

The 2 pioneers who agreed and contributed to the development of Galen’s four primary temperament types.

A

Immanuel Kant
Wilhelm Wundt

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18
Q

He agreed with Hippocrates that everyone could be sorted into one of the four temperaments and that there was no overlap between the categories.

A

Immanuel Kant

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19
Q

He suggested that personality could be achieved using two major axes: emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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20
Q

What are the 2 major axes?

A

Emotional and Non-emotional
Changeable and Unchangeable

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21
Q

The first axis separated ________ from ________ emotions.

A

Strong; weak

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22
Q

The second aid divided the ________ temperaments from the ________ ones.

A

changeable; unchangeable

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23
Q

His psychodynamic perspective of personality was the first comprehensive theory of personality, explaining a wide variety of both normal and abnormal behaviors. Who is he?

A

Sigmund Freud

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24
Q

He said that unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, and childhood experiences, are the forces that influence our personality.

A

Sigmund Freud

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25
Q

According to Freud, what are the forces that influence our personality?

A

sex and aggression
childhood experiences

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26
Q

Freud worked with ________, a Viennese physician.

A

Josef Breuer

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27
Q

What is the real name of Anna O. ?

A

Bertha Pappenheim

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28
Q

She was one of Breuer’s patients and was experiencing partial paralysis, headaches, blurred vision, amnesia, and hallucinations.

A

Anna O.

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29
Q

What cure did Breuer discovered that allows Anna O. to talk which relieves her symptoms?

A

Talking Cure

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30
Q

The story of Anna O. was the basis of Freud and Breuer’s 1895 book, _______.

A

Studies on Hysteria

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31
Q

Freud compared our Level of Consciousness to an ________.

A

iceberg

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32
Q

According to Freud, how much of our mind is conscious?

A

one-tenth; the rest is unconscious

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33
Q

According to Freud, it is the mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access.

A

Unconscious

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34
Q

According to Freud, it is the process where unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious.

A

Repression

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35
Q

We sometimes say things that we don’t intend to say by unintentionally substituting another word for the one we meant. This phenomenon is called ________.

A

Freudian slip

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36
Q

What are the 3 interacting systems in our minds?

A

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

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37
Q

One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the pleasure principle; unconscious drives.

A

ID

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38
Q

One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the reality principle; who you are, or self

A

EGO

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39
Q

One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the morality principle.

A

SUPEREGO

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40
Q

It is an unconscious protective behavior that aims to reduce anxiety. We are not aware that we are using them.

A

Defense Mechanism

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41
Q

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Denial

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42
Q

Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target (an entity). What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Displacement

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43
Q

Attributing negative emotions, thoughts, or behaviors with another person. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Projection

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44
Q

Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less - acceptable real reasons. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Rationalization

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45
Q

Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Reaction Formation

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46
Q

Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Regression

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47
Q

Suppressing painful memories and thoughts. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Repression

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48
Q

Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels. What kind of defense mechanism is this?

A

Sublimation

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49
Q

What are the 4 Major Personality Perspectives?

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Trait Perspective
Social Cognitive Perspective

50
Q

It emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. What Personality Perspective is this?

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective

51
Q

Focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. What Personality Perspective is this?

A

Humanistic Perspective

52
Q

It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. What Personality Perspective is this?

A

Humanistic Perspective

53
Q

Centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. What Personality Perspective is this?

A

Trait Perspective

54
Q

Emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes. What Personality Perspective is this?

A

Social Cognitive Perspective

55
Q

Who created the Psychoanalytic Perspective?

A

Sigmund Freud

56
Q

What do you call to the theorists who believed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with Freud?

A

Neo-Freudians Theorists

57
Q

Who are the Neo-Freudians Theorists?

A

Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney

58
Q

Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality.

A

Sigmund Freud

59
Q

Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on social elements of personality development, the identity crisis, and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan.

A

Erik Erikson

60
Q

Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.

A

Carl Jung

61
Q

Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization.

A

Alfred Adler

62
Q

Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on overcoming basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world.

A

Karen Horney

63
Q

According to Adler, the desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of ________ that Adler believed were universal.

A

inferiority

64
Q

Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who emphasized the importance of free will and psychological growth.

A

Carl Rogers

65
Q

Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who believed in the inherent goodness of people

A

Carl Rogers

66
Q

Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.

A

Abraham Maslow

67
Q

Theorist under Trait Perspective who suggested that there are three dimensions of personality.

A

Hans Eysenck

68
Q

Theorist under Trait Perspective who identified the 16 personality traits.

A

Raymond Cattell

69
Q

Theorists under Trait Perspective who introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality.

A

Robert McCrae
Paul Costa

70
Q

Theorist under Social Cognitive Perspective who focused on the importance of social learning, or learning through observation.

A

Albert Bandura

71
Q

Theorist under Social Cognitive Perspective who emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities.

A

Albert Bandura

72
Q

What are the three dimensions of personality?

A

Extraversion-introversion
Emotional stability-neuroticism
Psychoticism

73
Q

According to Cattell, this is utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality.

A

16 personality traits

74
Q

What are the five key dimensions of personality?

A

Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness

75
Q

What are the Psychosexual Stages of Development?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

76
Q

It is where pleasure seeking urges, focused on a different area of the body.

A

Erogenous Zone

77
Q

It refers to the chewing of objects, which is experienced during Birth to 1 year.

A

Oral aggressive

78
Q

It refers to the taking up oral activities; smoking, eating, drinking, which is experienced during Birth to 1 year.

A

Oral passive

79
Q

What ages does toilet training occur?

A

1 to 3 years old

80
Q

It refers to the obsession with cleanliness, which is under the Anal Stage.

A

Anal retentive

81
Q

It characterized by messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts, which is under the Anal Stage.

A

Anal-expulsive personality

82
Q

What Psychosexual Stage of Development does children experience difficulty controlling their impulses and get in trouble?

A

Anal Stage

83
Q

Children become aware of their bodies. Recognize the difference between girls and boys. They feel desire or jealousy. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?

A

Phallic stage

84
Q

Males view father as competition for affection from mother. What phenomenon is this?

A

Oedipus complex

85
Q

Fear that father will castrate if child expresses his jealousy of father. What phenomenon is this?

A

Castration Anxiety

86
Q

Proposed by Carl Jung, girls are attracted to their fathers and see their mothers as competition. What phenomenon is this?

A

Electra Complex

87
Q

Girls get jealous of boys that they do not have a penis. What phenomenon is this?

A

Penis Envy

88
Q

No conflicts. Child learning hobbies, developing friendships, and growing. Consolidate gender role identity. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?

A

Latency Stage

89
Q

Sexual reawakening. Have mature sexual interests, strong desire for the opposite sex. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?

A

Genital Stage

90
Q

A colleague of Freud. First major theorist to break away from Freud. First president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Who is this?

A

Alfred Adler

91
Q

Alfred Adler is the first president of the ________.

A

Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

92
Q

Alfred Adler founded ________ school, which focuses on our drive to compensate feeling of inferiority.

A

Individual Psychology

93
Q

According to Adler, this is the feeling that they lack worth or they don’t measure up to the standards.

A

Inferiority complex

94
Q

According to Adler, this is what drives people to attempt to gain superiority and force behind our emotions thoughts behavior.

A

Inferiority complex

95
Q

What are the 3 fundamental social tasks?

A

Occupational task
Societal tasks
Love tasks

96
Q

A fundamental social task that focuses on careers.

A

Occupational task

97
Q

A fundamental social task that focuses on friendship.

A

Societal tasks

98
Q

A fundamental social task that focuses on finding an intimate partner for a long term relationship.

A

Love tasks

99
Q

What is the name of Freud’s daughter?

A

Anna Freud

100
Q

He met with Freud’s daughter. Proposed psychosocial theory of development. Who is this?

A

Erik Erikson

101
Q

This theory suggests that individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. It also focuses on the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development.

A

Psychosocial Theory of Development

102
Q

The study on how people affect one another and influence an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A

Social Psychology

103
Q

It refers to the emotions, attitudes, the self, how we think about others and ourselves.

A

Intrapersonal

104
Q

It refers to helping behavior, aggression, prejudice, discrimination, attraction, relationships; Dyads and groups

A

Interpersonal

105
Q

It refers to the behavior pattern expected of a person in a given setting. Could be as a student, parent, teacher, etc.

A

Social Role

106
Q

It refers to a culture’s shared knowledge of an individual’s expected behavior in a specific role. Group’s expectations; acceptable behavior; how they should behave and think.

A

Social Norms

107
Q

It refers to the evaluation of a person, idea, object which could be positive or negative. It can be influenced by external and internal forces that we control.

A

Attitude

108
Q

What are the 3 components of Attitude?

A

Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive

109
Q

It refers to the changing our attitude towards something through communication. Usually comes from outside forces.

A

Persuasion

110
Q

It refers on how we convince others to change their behavior, belief, attitude.

A

Persuasion

111
Q

It refers to a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group.

A

Prejudice

112
Q

It refers to a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their characteristics.

A

Stereotype

113
Q

It refers to the adverse action toward an individual
due to one’s membership in a particular group.

A

Discrimination

114
Q

Sometimes people will act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people, and this behavior is known as ________.

A

Discrimination

115
Q

It refers to the prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group

A

Racism

116
Q

Blacks are significantly more likely to have their vehicles searched during traffic stops than Whites. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?

A

Racism

117
Q

It refers to the prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex.

A

Sexism

118
Q

Women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing. When women behave unfriendly, assertively, or neglectful, they are often disliked for violating their gender role. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?

A

Sexism

119
Q

Women are less likely to be hired or promoted in male-dominated professions such as engineering, aviation, and construction. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?

A

Sexism

120
Q

It refers to the prejudice and discrimination toward
individuals based solely on their age. We form judgments and hold expectations about people based on their age. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?

A

Ageism

121
Q

It refers to the prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation.

A

Homophobia

122
Q

Exclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people from social groups and the avoidance of LGBT neighbors and co-workers. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?

A

Homophobia

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