General Biology: Animal Organ System Flashcards
They breathe through their skin provided that they have a large surface area
Multicellular animals
It is a network of air tubes that branch throughout the body of an insect
Insect Tracheal System
An opening for necessary gas to enter
Spiracles
The entering of gas through the spiracles is conducted here
Trachea
The smaller tubes of trachea that connect to body tissues
Tracheoles
A filamentous organs with a rich supply of blood vessel that conducts gas exchange
Gills
The process where diaphragm contracts and moves down
Inhalation
The process where diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Exhalation
A system where blood is pumped from the heart and enters body cavities where the tissues are bathed in blood
Open Circulatory System
A system where blood is contained within blood vessels and valves exist to prevent back flow of blood
Closed Circulatory System
Process where blood is carried from the heart to tissues of the body back to the heart
Systemic Circulation
A process where blood is carried from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation
A fist sized organ that pumps blood throughout the the body
Heart
A tube like structures responsible for transporting fluid to and from every organ in the body
Arteries
A small diameter blood vessel in the micro circulation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries
Arterioles
A delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body
Capillaries
The smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries
Venules
Blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen poor blood and return it to your heart
Veins
It is required to achieve homeostasis
Osmoregulation
It is the general term for the processes by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
Osmoregulation
It enables animals to live in environments that are uninhabitable for osmoconformers
Osmoregulation
An animal that has the ability to be isosmotic with its surrounding
Osmoconformer
Animals that are osmoconformers
Marine animals
Used to control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment
Osmoregulator
The process where food is broken down physically and chemically
Digestion
The process where food is taken into the body
Ingestion
The process where digested food products are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells
Absorption
A bacterium, fungus, virus, or other disease causing agent
Pathogen
A glandular organ near the heart where T cells learn their jobs
Thymus
A blood producing tissue inside certain bones
Bone marrow
They give rise to all of the different types of blood cells
Blood stem cells
An organ that serves as a filter for the blood; removes old and damaged RBC; removes infectious agents and uses them to activate cells called lymphocytes
Spleen
Small organs that filter dead cells, antigens, and other “stuff” to present to lymphocytes
Lymph nodes
They collect fluid (lymph) that has “leaked” out from the blood into the tissues to return it to circulation
Lymphatic vessels
It is a rapid response in all animals wherein small sets of receptors recognize traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens
Innate Immunity
It is a slow response in vertebrates wherein a vast array of receptors recognize traits specific to particular pathogens
Adaptive Immunity
These are cells with the correct receptor protein for a specific hormone
Target cells
It is a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids to stimulate cells
Hormone
These hormones cannot enter the target cell because of the fatty acid tails of the cell membrane are hydrophobic; bind to receptors on the surface of the target cell
Water soluble hormones
These are hormones that can pass through the target cell membrane; bind to receptors inside the target cell
Lipid soluble hormones
This is released from the pituitary gland. It is essential for normal physical growth in children and for some functions in adults, such as fat and muscle mass.
Growth hormone
A hormone that converts iodine from the diet into _______. This controls many functions of the metabolism, including temperature, heart rate and growth.
Thyroxine
A hormone released from the adrenal glands (just above the kidneys). It is important for controlling blood pressure and for dealing with the body’s response to stress.
Cortisol
It decreases blood glucose concentration
Insulin
It increases blood glucose concentration
Glucagon
These hormones, released from the ovaries, are responsible for female body characteristics and for storing and releasing eggs.
Estrogen and progesterone
This hormone is released from the testes. It produces male body characteristics and sperm.
Testosterone
A system that integrates sensory information collected from all over the body and responding by coordinating both conscious and unconscious activity
Central Nervous System (CNS)
These are organs involved in the CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
This system consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
This system consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
This system consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and intestines which mediates unconscious activities.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
It is a junction between a neuron and another cell
Synapse
These are molecules that travel across synapses
Neurotransmitters
It brings information from the body’s organs (such as heat, pain, taste,etc.) toward the central nervous system
Sensory Neuron
It receive signals from sensory neurons
Interneuron
It conducts a message from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland, stimulating contraction or secretion
Motor Neurons
A type of feedback that enhances or amplify changes which results to a disturbance in homeostasis
Positive Feedback
A type of feedback that reduces changes brought by a stimuli, resulting in the regulation of equilibrium
Negative Feedback
A type of feedback that reduces changes brought by a stimuli, resulting in the regulation of equilibrium
Negative Feedback
A type of suspension feeding that removes suspended food particles by capturing or trapping.
Filter Feeding
This is present in humpback whales; these are comb-like plates attached to the upper jaw.
Baleen
A feeding mechanism where animals who possess this live on their food source.
Substrate Feeding
Animals who live on their food source
Substrate Feeders
“Leaf miner caterpillars live on oak leaves and feed on them too”: This is what type of feeding mechanism?
Substrate Feeding
“Maggots burrow into animal carcasses”: This is what type of feeding mechanism?
Substrate Feeding
“Mosquito on human skin to consume blood”: This is what type of feeding mechanism?
Fluid Feeding
“Humming birds and bees (pollinators) feed on nectar of flowers”: This is what type of feeding mechanism?
Fluid Feeding
A feeding mechanism where animals suck rich fluid from a living host
Fluid Feeding
“Humans and animals eat with their fangs, jaws, teeth”: This is what type of feeding mechanism?
Bulk Feeding
A feedback mechanism where animals eat large pieces of food
Bulk Feeding
What are the 4 main stages of food processing?
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
What is the correct process of breathing through lungs?
Nostrils - nasal passages - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
A type of gas exchange wherein it happens through the skin. Animals with large surface area can easily transport gasses through this.
Cutaneous Respiration
What is the direction of oxygen flow in fish’s blood vessels?
high to low concentration
A system of circulation where blood vessels is not present and there is no blood pressure; thus, blood moves slowly and animals must move to move its blood.
Open Circulatory System
A system of circulation where blood is contained in blood vessels and blood is under pressure.
Closed Circulatory System
Where do osmoconformers usually live?
freshwater and terrestrial habitats
Organs in most insects that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation as well.
Malpighian Tubules
The process by which metabolic waste products and toxic materials are removed from the body of an organism
Excretion
The process of removal of undigested material from the alimentary canal; these materials are not formed
from substances and has never been absorbed into the cells.
Egestion
What are the 2 types of cells in the nervous system?
neurons and neuroglia
These are interconnected cells that communicate via electrical impulses.
Neurons
These support neurons
Neuroglia
An electrical impulse which travels along a neuron’s axon; it is the message
Action Potential
The end of the sending neuron’s axon
Synaptic Terminal
A type of reproduction that does not require a partner and produces identical or nearly identical offspring.
Asexual reproduction
A process wherein an egg develops without being fertilized
parthenogenesis
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a new individual develops from an outgrowth of a parent, splits off, and lives independently.
Budding
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
Fragmentation
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a body part has broken off and the organism grows a new one.
Regeneration
A type of reproduction where both parents contribute genes to the offspring, which are genetically unique.
Sexual Reproduction
What kind of sexual reproduction is this: Male sea urchin is releasing sperm into the water. If a sperm cell unites with an egg cell released from a female, the fertilization is _______.
External Fertilization
A kind of sexual reproduction that occurs when gametes unite inside the body of one of the parents
Internal fertilization
A process where genes determine the overall shape and structure of the animal’s body
pattern formation
An animal that undergoes this kind of development has an immature stage that looks different from the adult.
indirect development
Animals undergoing this kind of development have an immature stage that looks like a small adult.
direct development
