General Biology: Plant Organ System Flashcards
A hormone that has a role in phototropism and is primarily released from the shoot tip
Auxins
A hormone that stimulate fruit development, elongation, suppression of lateral bud growth
Auxins
A hormone that stimulate cell division, delay leaf shed, stimulate lateral bud growth
Cytokinins
A hormone primarily released from the roots
Cytokinins
A hormone that stimulate shoot elongation and fruit growth which is used by farmers
Gibberellins
A hormone that hastens fruit ripening and stimulates leaf, flower, and fruit shed
Ethylene
A hormone that inhibits shoot growth, maintains seed dormancy, and stimulates closure of stomata and shedding of plant parts
Abscisic Acid
These have fleshy underground stems
Rhizomes
These are plant stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds
Stolons
These stems are usually short and thickened and typically grow below the soil
Tubers
It is a process by which bacteria found in soil, such as Rhizobium, invade leguminous plants and convert dinitrogen from the atmosphere into usable Ammonia.
Nitrogen Fixation
A tendency of a plant to grow toward or away from the light
Phototropism
A directional growth of plants in response to gravity (shoots grow upward, roots grow downward)
Gravitropism
A plant’s response to touch caused by special epidermal cells
Thigmotropism
A type of tissue where it makes up most of the plant body
Ground tissue
A type of tissue responsible for storage, photosynthesis, transport; occupies mostly of a herbaceous plant stem
Ground tissue
Part of non woody tissue that carries out photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange, storage, and other functions
Parenchyma
Part of ground tissue responsible for elastic support for growing stems and leaves; growing plant parts
Collenchyma
Part of ground tissue responsible for inelastic support for non growing plant parts
Sclerenchyma
A type of tissue that connects root and shoot system; transport materials within the plant; embedded in the ground tissue
Vascular tissue
A type of tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to other plant parts.
Xylem tissue
Part of xylem which are long narrow cells that conduct water and minerals through pits
tracheids
Part of xylem which are wide, barrel shaped cells that conduct water through pits and perforated cell end walls
vessel elements
A type of tissue that transports dissolved organic compounds like sugars
Phloem tissue
Part of phloem that conduct dissolved compunds
Sieve tube elements
Part of phloem that transfer materials in and out of sieve tubes
Companion cells
A type of tissue that covers the plant and serves as the outer protective covering
Dermal tissue
Part of dermal tissue that conserves water and protects the plant
Cuticle
Part of dermal tissue that surround each stomata and control opening and closing
Guard cells
These are pores in the cuticle; responsible for gas exchange; under the leaves; not waxy
Stomata
A ground tissue inside a leaf consisting of cells abundant in chloroplast that produce sugars
Mesophyll
A kind of mesophyll that form a layer beneath the upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
A kind of mesophyll that is internal to the lower epidermis
Spongy mesophyll
The growing shoot tip where most growth of a young shoot is concentrated; located at the end or side
Apical bud
Another term for apical bud
Terminal bud
An undeveloped shoot that can form a new branch or flower; can potentially form a lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn and flower; found in the upper angle (stem)
Axillary bud
Another term for axillary bud
Lateral bud
The below ground system; supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground
Root system
The above ground system; consists of leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, usually seen above
Shoot system
What are the 3 basic parts of a plant?
stem
leaves
roots
What are some examples of adaptations of roots?
Proproots
Storage roots
Pneumatophores
An adaptation of roots which are vertical aerial roots and performs gas exchange.
Pneumatophores
This is where leaves are attached
Nodes
These are spaces between nodes
Internodes
What are some example of adaptations of stems?
food storage
rhizomes, stolons, tubers
modified stems
These are the main photosynthetic organ; responsible for exchange of gases; dissipate heat; defense from herbivores and pathogens
Leaves
What are some examples of adaptations of leaves?
tendrills
storage
spines
reproductive
Plants that have green and soft stem
Herbaceous plant
Plants that have tough, bark-covered wood
Woody plant
Nutrients in large amounts
Macronutrients
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are what example of nutrients?
Macronutrients
Nutrients in small amounts
Micronutrients
Chlorine, iron, boron, zinc, etc. (not O, C, H) are what examples of nutrients?
Micronutrients
Where do nitrogen fixation occur?
Roots (nodes)
What are the 3 tissue types?
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue
Part of dermal tissue that is coated with a waxy cuticle
epidermis
This part of the leaves show the vascular bundles.
Veins
Kind of roots which are slender and shallow; it arises from the stem
Fibrous roots
Kind of roots which are thick and deep; it has fewer branches
Taproots
These are extensions of the epidermis that absorb water and minerals
Root Hairs
A growth pattern where plants never stop growing
Indeterminate growth
A growth pattern where plants stop growing when they reach their mature size
Determinate growth
This is where growth of plant occurs; the site of active cell division
meristems
A type of meristems that lengthen the tips of shoots and roots
apical meristems
A type of meristems where mitosis occur; found in terminal buds
typical meristems
Growth that occurs at the apical meristems.
Primary growth
Growth that occurs at lateral meristems; thickens roots and stems
Secondary growth
Part of lateral meristems that produces secondary xylem to inside of the stem and secondary phloem to outside.
vascular cambium
Part of lateral meristems that produces parenchyma cells to inside and dense, waxy cells called cork to outside.
cork cambium
It is the outer protective layer of bark
Cork
When the secondary xylem becomes unable to conduct water, it forms _____.
Heartwood
What theory explains xylem transport?
cohesion-tension theory
It is the tendency for water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with one another.
Cohesion
It causes water to evaporate from the leaves, and pulls adjacent molecules closer to the stomata.
Cohesion
According to the cohesion-tension theory, this provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap (water & dissolved minerals in the xylem); “pulling” process
Transpiration
According to the cohesion-tension theory, this transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to roots.
Cohesion
Xylem sap is normally under _________ or tension.
Negative pressure
The exploration of the rise of xylem sap by the cohesion-tension mechanism begins where?
Leaves
According to this theory, phloem sap moves from high pressure at sources to low pressure at sinks.
pressure flow theory
The green leaves of a plant are ________ because they carry out photosynthesis.
sugar “sources”
Roots and fruits, which require sugar but do not carry out photosynthesis, are called ________.
“sinks”
What direction do phloem sap moves, according to the pressure flow theory?
high pressure to low pressure
