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Finals Exam Reviewer > General Biology: Plant Organ System > Flashcards

General Biology: Plant Organ System Flashcards

1
Q

A hormone that has a role in phototropism and is primarily released from the shoot tip

A

Auxins

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2
Q

A hormone that stimulate fruit development, elongation, suppression of lateral bud growth

A

Auxins

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3
Q

A hormone that stimulate cell division, delay leaf shed, stimulate lateral bud growth

A

Cytokinins

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4
Q

A hormone primarily released from the roots

A

Cytokinins

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5
Q

A hormone that stimulate shoot elongation and fruit growth which is used by farmers

A

Gibberellins

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6
Q

A hormone that hastens fruit ripening and stimulates leaf, flower, and fruit shed

A

Ethylene

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7
Q

A hormone that inhibits shoot growth, maintains seed dormancy, and stimulates closure of stomata and shedding of plant parts

A

Abscisic Acid

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8
Q

These have fleshy underground stems

A

Rhizomes

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9
Q

These are plant stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds

A

Stolons

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10
Q

These stems are usually short and thickened and typically grow below the soil

A

Tubers

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11
Q

It is a process by which bacteria found in soil, such as Rhizobium, invade leguminous plants and convert dinitrogen from the atmosphere into usable Ammonia.

A

Nitrogen Fixation

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12
Q

A tendency of a plant to grow toward or away from the light

A

Phototropism

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13
Q

A directional growth of plants in response to gravity (shoots grow upward, roots grow downward)

A

Gravitropism

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14
Q

A plant’s response to touch caused by special epidermal cells

A

Thigmotropism

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15
Q

A type of tissue where it makes up most of the plant body

A

Ground tissue

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16
Q

A type of tissue responsible for storage, photosynthesis, transport; occupies mostly of a herbaceous plant stem

A

Ground tissue

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17
Q

Part of non woody tissue that carries out photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange, storage, and other functions

A

Parenchyma

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18
Q

Part of ground tissue responsible for elastic support for growing stems and leaves; growing plant parts

A

Collenchyma

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19
Q

Part of ground tissue responsible for inelastic support for non growing plant parts

A

Sclerenchyma

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20
Q

A type of tissue that connects root and shoot system; transport materials within the plant; embedded in the ground tissue

A

Vascular tissue

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21
Q

A type of tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to other plant parts.

A

Xylem tissue

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22
Q

Part of xylem which are long narrow cells that conduct water and minerals through pits

A

tracheids

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23
Q

Part of xylem which are wide, barrel shaped cells that conduct water through pits and perforated cell end walls

A

vessel elements

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24
Q

A type of tissue that transports dissolved organic compounds like sugars

A

Phloem tissue

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25
Q

Part of phloem that conduct dissolved compunds

A

Sieve tube elements

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26
Q

Part of phloem that transfer materials in and out of sieve tubes

A

Companion cells

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27
Q

A type of tissue that covers the plant and serves as the outer protective covering

A

Dermal tissue

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28
Q

Part of dermal tissue that conserves water and protects the plant

A

Cuticle

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29
Q

Part of dermal tissue that surround each stomata and control opening and closing

A

Guard cells

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30
Q

These are pores in the cuticle; responsible for gas exchange; under the leaves; not waxy

A

Stomata

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31
Q

A ground tissue inside a leaf consisting of cells abundant in chloroplast that produce sugars

A

Mesophyll

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32
Q

A kind of mesophyll that form a layer beneath the upper epidermis

A

Palisade mesophyll

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33
Q

A kind of mesophyll that is internal to the lower epidermis

A

Spongy mesophyll

34
Q

The growing shoot tip where most growth of a young shoot is concentrated; located at the end or side

A

Apical bud

35
Q

Another term for apical bud

A

Terminal bud

36
Q

An undeveloped shoot that can form a new branch or flower; can potentially form a lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn and flower; found in the upper angle (stem)

A

Axillary bud

37
Q

Another term for axillary bud

A

Lateral bud

38
Q

The below ground system; supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground

A

Root system

39
Q

The above ground system; consists of leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, usually seen above

A

Shoot system

40
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of a plant?

A

stem
leaves
roots

41
Q

What are some examples of adaptations of roots?

A

Proproots
Storage roots
Pneumatophores

42
Q

An adaptation of roots which are vertical aerial roots and performs gas exchange.

A

Pneumatophores

43
Q

This is where leaves are attached

A

Nodes

44
Q

These are spaces between nodes

A

Internodes

45
Q

What are some example of adaptations of stems?

A

food storage
rhizomes, stolons, tubers
modified stems

46
Q

These are the main photosynthetic organ; responsible for exchange of gases; dissipate heat; defense from herbivores and pathogens

A

Leaves

47
Q

What are some examples of adaptations of leaves?

A

tendrills
storage
spines
reproductive

48
Q

Plants that have green and soft stem

A

Herbaceous plant

49
Q

Plants that have tough, bark-covered wood

A

Woody plant

50
Q

Nutrients in large amounts

A

Macronutrients

51
Q

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are what example of nutrients?

A

Macronutrients

52
Q

Nutrients in small amounts

A

Micronutrients

53
Q

Chlorine, iron, boron, zinc, etc. (not O, C, H) are what examples of nutrients?

A

Micronutrients

54
Q

Where do nitrogen fixation occur?

A

Roots (nodes)

55
Q

What are the 3 tissue types?

A

Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue

56
Q

Part of dermal tissue that is coated with a waxy cuticle

A

epidermis

57
Q

This part of the leaves show the vascular bundles.

A

Veins

58
Q

Kind of roots which are slender and shallow; it arises from the stem

A

Fibrous roots

59
Q

Kind of roots which are thick and deep; it has fewer branches

A

Taproots

60
Q

These are extensions of the epidermis that absorb water and minerals

A

Root Hairs

61
Q

A growth pattern where plants never stop growing

A

Indeterminate growth

62
Q

A growth pattern where plants stop growing when they reach their mature size

A

Determinate growth

63
Q

This is where growth of plant occurs; the site of active cell division

A

meristems

64
Q

A type of meristems that lengthen the tips of shoots and roots

A

apical meristems

65
Q

A type of meristems where mitosis occur; found in terminal buds

A

typical meristems

66
Q

Growth that occurs at the apical meristems.

A

Primary growth

67
Q

Growth that occurs at lateral meristems; thickens roots and stems

A

Secondary growth

68
Q

Part of lateral meristems that produces secondary xylem to inside of the stem and secondary phloem to outside.

A

vascular cambium

69
Q

Part of lateral meristems that produces parenchyma cells to inside and dense, waxy cells called cork to outside.

A

cork cambium

70
Q

It is the outer protective layer of bark

A

Cork

71
Q

When the secondary xylem becomes unable to conduct water, it forms _____.

A

Heartwood

72
Q

What theory explains xylem transport?

A

cohesion-tension theory

73
Q

It is the tendency for water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with one another.

A

Cohesion

74
Q

It causes water to evaporate from the leaves, and pulls adjacent molecules closer to the stomata.

A

Cohesion

75
Q

According to the cohesion-tension theory, this provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap (water & dissolved minerals in the xylem); “pulling” process

A

Transpiration

76
Q

According to the cohesion-tension theory, this transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to roots.

A

Cohesion

77
Q

Xylem sap is normally under _________ or tension.

A

Negative pressure

78
Q

The exploration of the rise of xylem sap by the cohesion-tension mechanism begins where?

A

Leaves

79
Q

According to this theory, phloem sap moves from high pressure at sources to low pressure at sinks.

A

pressure flow theory

80
Q

The green leaves of a plant are ________ because they carry out photosynthesis.

A

sugar “sources”

81
Q

Roots and fruits, which require sugar but do not carry out photosynthesis, are called ________.

A

“sinks”

82
Q

What direction do phloem sap moves, according to the pressure flow theory?

A

high pressure to low pressure

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