Psychology Flashcards
Spreading of Activation Theory
when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development: when is mastery of conservation
- main criteria for entering the concrete operations stage
- starts at 7 and ends around 11-12
Behaviorism
cognition doesnt matter, just observable behavior matters (OPERANT CONDITIONING)
Social Cognitive
Bio psycho social models of throught- behavior is a consequence of these cognitive factors
Bottom-up Processing
“start at your feet and move up”- sensory to then cognitive thought
top-down processing
“starts at your head”- what you already think and know is how you perceive things first
Longitudinal study
long period of time w/a specific cohort of people EX ARIC
Correlational study
attempts to determine if there is simply a relationship between two variables (observational studies that do not prove causation between variables)
Retrospective Study
outcome of interest already happened
EX: people have stroke–> go back in time to view chart and determine why
Prospective study
follow a gropu of people and see how their behavior in that time influences future outcomes
Mixed-method research design
use both qualitative and quantitative measures to conduct your study; (rate item on a scale of 1-10, then follow-up with qualitative observations)
Sound- induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of cochlea. How are these ion channels gated?
Mechanically b/c the vibration of the hair cells due to sound waves causes an ion channel to open.
Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
organism’s stress response always follows a similar course, regardless of the exact nature of the stressor
Social Support
tangible and intangible forms of assistance that individuals receive from their social ties; describes assistance instead of the type of relationships among a network of people
Social network analysis
mapping the social relationships that exist among a set of individuals; ex: like with communicable diseases
Social stratification
hierarchy of social positions in a society (often according to social class or social status)
social reproduction
perpetuation of inequality through social institutions
Group Polarization
people’s attitudes become more extreme after they discuss with like minded individuals (can be polarized EITHER WAY)
erikson’s theory of psychosocial development- adults deal with
generativity vs stagnation
Nativist Theory of Language
humans have an innate ability to speak and use language
Intrinsic Motivation
increase in the desire to do something as a result of internal factors (personal growth/ satisfaction etc)
Extrinsic Motivation
an increase in the desire to do something as a result of external factors; to seek reward or avoid punishment
Chunking
a sequence of items is combined into a single unit, making it easier to recognize
Priming
previous experience influences current interpretation of an event
Implicit memory
knowledge that results from automatic processing; memories are stored and encoded without consciously being attended to.
Sensory memory
info that is received from the environment by the senses; lasts for a short period of time
short term memory
7+/- 2 items; lasts for less than 1 minute
Episodic memory
personal history, events & experiences
semantic
general knowledge about the world
role strain
tension that results from competing demands w/in the context of a single social role.
role conflict
tension exist between social expectations of two or more social roles that a single individual holds
Large group dynamics
more stable but less intimate
small group dynamics
less stable but more intimate
functionalist theory
social phenomena have specific functions that work within a systematic whole
conflict theory
competition between social groups over the allocation of resources; power and authority are unequally distributed
symbolic interactionism
focus on social interactions and the subjective meaning that emerges from social interactions
