Biochemistry Flashcards
How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?
Stabilizes the transition state, thus LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY of a reaction (DOES NOT stabilize substrate and DOES NOT affect the free energy of a reaction)
Intermolecular Covalent Bonds
ex: disulfide bridges; creates structural rigidity
pH dependence of aggregation
NEEDS to have pH dependent side chains
Lipase
hydrolyzes triacylglycerides
What type of bond connects glucose molecules in glycogen?
alpha- 1,4- glycosidic bond
Ribose Structure
Fructose
Glycogen is very branched due to ___
alpha-1,6- glycosidic bonds
How many fused rings in a steroid?
4 rings-
Action Potential- NA+ in during what stage
Depolarization
Action Potential- K+ ions out
repolarization
Maintenance of resting potential relies on Na+/K+ atpase. How many molecules go in/out of cell?
For every 2 K+ ions brought into cell, 3 Na+ ions move out of the cell
how do transcription factors regulate the expression of other genes?
by binding to the promoter or enhancer of the gene located on the DNA
How do hydrophobic molecules enter the cell
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
What does ATP hydrolysis produce
ADP + inorganic P
Lipid Rafts
cholesterol rich domains w/in the membrane
Microtubules
bind to chromosomes at the level of the kinetochore and regulate their migration towards the opposite poles of a cell during anaphase
Enzymes can change chem rxns through:
- co localizing substrates
- altering local pH
- altering substrate shape
mRNA levels can
increase and decrease
mature erythrocytes
cells that DO NOT contain DNA
Virus & bacteria cultures
animal viruses can only infect animal cells, not bacteria. Therefore, animal viruses cannot grow in agar plates w/ bacteria
high levels of cirulating glucocorticoids in the blood will cause…
increased protein degradation in various tissues, including muscles
gluconeogene
All amino acids (except glycine) are…
are all chiral & L-amino acids (except glycine)
Glycine the AA is
achiral
