Psychologists Flashcards
founded the extremely influential discipline of psychoanalysis, which used the technique of “free association” to identify fears and repressed memories. His best known works are The Interpretation of Dreams and The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
Sigmund Freud
He went on to create the movement of “analytic psychology” and introduced the controversial notion of the “collective unconscious”–a socially shared area of the mind, known for words like “anima,” “animus,” “introversion,” “extroversion,” and “archetypes
Carl Jung
close associate of Freud who split with him over Freud’s insistence that sexual issues were at the root of neuroses and most psychological problems. argued in The Neurotic Constitution that neuroses resulted from people’s inability to achieve self-realization; in failing to achieve this sense of completeness, they developed “inferiority complexes” that inhibited their relations with successful people and dominated their relations with fellow unsuccessful people, a theory given the general name of “individual psychology.”
Alfred Adler
He is largely remembered for his idea of the “conditioned reflex,” for example, the salivation of a dog at the sound of the bell that presages dinner, even though the bell itself is inedible and has no intrinsic connection with food. He won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for Physiology or Medicine for unrelated work on digestive secretions.
Ivan Pavlov
first prominent exponent of behaviorism; he codified its tenets in Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, arguing that psychology could be completely grounded in objective measurements of events and physical human reactions.
John B. Watson
one of the leading proponents of behaviorism in works like Walden II and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. He argued that all human actions could be understood in terms of physical stimuli and learned responses and that there was no need to study–or even believe in–internal mental states or motivations; in fact, doing so could be harmful
B. F. Skinner
the greatest figure of 20th-century developmental psychology; he was the first to perform rigorous studies of the way in which children learn and come to understand and respond to the world around them.
Jean Piaget
best known for his theories on how social institutions reflect the universal features of psychosocial development; in particular, how different societies create different traditions and ideas to accommodate the same biological needs
Erik Erikson
his theory of the “hierarchy of needs” (food, shelter, love, esteem, etc.) and its pinnacle, the need for “self-actualization.”
Abraham Maslow
found that two-thirds of his subjects were willing to administer terrible electric shocks to innocent, protesting human beings simply because a researcher told them the experimental protocol demanded it.
Stanley Milgram
