Psychologists

Question 1

Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species

Question 2

Gordon Allport

Answer 2

Three levels of traits: 1. Cardinal trait-it is the dominant trait that characterizes your life
2.Central trait-one common to all people
3. Secondary trait- it surfaces in some situations and not in others

Question 3

Hans Eysenck

Answer 3

PEN Model- Superfactors>factors>habits>behaviours

Question 4

William Sheldon

Answer 4

Linked personality to physique
Endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

Question 5

Erik Erikson

Answer 5

8 stages of life; psychological crisis in life “who am I”

Question 6

Jean Piaget

Answer 6

4 stages of cognitive development

Question 7

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Answer 7

Bioecological model-
Development in set of systems: cultural, social, economic, political
Micro>Meso>Exo>Macro>Chrono

Question 8

Lev Vygostsky

Answer 8

Sociocultural Model
ZPD
Scaffolding
MKO

Question 9

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 9

6 stages of moral development in children
under
3 levels of moral reasoning

Question 10

John Watson

Answer 10

Founder of behaviourism
He conditioned fear of white rats and other furry objects in “Little Albert,” an orphaned 11-month-old boy.

Question 11

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 11

Classical Conditioning

Question 12

Clark Hull

Answer 12

Behviourist; drive reduction theory

Question 13

BF Skinner

Answer 13

Behaviourism
Operant Conditioning (reward-punishment); Skinner Box (rat, electric rods, food, signal)

Question 14

Albert Bandura

Answer 14

Observational Learning
Bobo doll
Modelling

Question 15

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 15

Primary area: Animal Intelligence
Theory of Connectionism
Law of Effect (behaviour-response)
Trace Decay Theory

Question 16

George Armitage Miller

Answer 16

Short term memory contains seven, plus or minus two individual items (5 to 9 items)

Question 17

Attkinson & Shiffrin

Answer 17

Model of working of human memory
Sensory
STM
LTM

Question 18

Sigmund Freud

Answer 18

Psychoanalytic
Id, Ego, Super ego
Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual stages of development

Question 19

Alfred Adler

Answer 19

Psychoanalytic (neo Freudian)
Childhood social tension crucial for personality growth (Inferiority, compensation)

Question 20

Karen Horney

Answer 20

Psychoanalytic (critical of Freud)
Current fears and impulses molds personality (neurotic needs, trends, 10 irrational solutions)

Question 21

Albert Maslow

Answer 21

Humanistic
Hierarchy, 5 innate needs

Question 22

Carl Rogers

Answer 22

Humanistic
Concept of Self
Unconditional Positive Regard
Positive self regard
Incongruence

Question 23

Paul Broca

Answer 23

Broca’s Area: language center of brain; production of speech and language

Question 24

Wernicke

Answer 24

Wernicke’s Area: Comprehension of language

Question 25

Kubler-Ross

Answer 25

Stages of Grief
Denial>Anger/resentment>Bargaining (w God)> Depression>Acceptance

Question 26

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 26

one of the fathers of psychology
First psychology lab, 1879 Leipzig

Question 27

Francis Galton

Answer 27

Founder of Differential Psychology (psychological differences, genetic inheritance, between people rather than common traits)
Formulation of the first mental tests

Question 28

Carl Jung

Answer 28

analytical psychology
individuation and the self, the shadow, personal and collective unconscious, complexes and archetypes

Question 29

Albert Ellis

Answer 29

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (type of CBT)
Altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behaviour and emotions

Question 30

William James, Carl Lange

Answer 30

James-Lange Theory of emotion

Question 31

Alfred Binet

Answer 31

First IQ Test (Binet-Simon); to indentify slow learners

Question 32

Lewis Terman

Answer 32

Revised Binet’s IQ test- “Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test” for American children

Question 33

Robert Sternberg

Answer 33

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence- analytical, creative, practical
Theory of Love- commitment, passion, intimacy (fatuous, romantic, companionate)

Question 34

Howard Gardner

Answer 34

Theory of Multiple Intelligence (8- mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, verbal)

Question 35

Charles Spearman

Answer 35

Two-Factor theory of intelligence
‘g’ factor- general ability/intelligence
‘s’ factor- specific abilities

Question 36

Simon Asch

Answer 36

Study on conformity.
Experiment- subject unaware of his situation to see if he would conform if all members of the group gave incorrect answers

Question 37

Ernst Weber

Answer 37

Weber’s Law
the bigger or more intense the standard stimulus, the larger the increment needed to get a noticeable difference

Question 38

Gustav Fechner

Answer 38

Fechner’s Law
magnitude of a sensory experience is proportional to the number of JND’s
that the stimulus causing the experiences above absolute threshold.

Question 39

H. Rorschach

Answer 39

(one of the) First projective test- Inkblot test

Question 40

Henry Murray

Answer 40

“Need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances”
Devised TAT with Christiana D. Morgan

Question 41

David McClelland

Answer 41

Human Motivation Theory - Need for Power, Achievement, Affiliation
Developed scoring system for TAT’s use in assessing achievement motivation (not for TAT itself)