Psychologists Flashcards
and their contributions to Psych
Charles Darwin
Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species
Gordon Allport
Three levels of traits: 1. Cardinal trait-it is the dominant trait that characterizes your life
2.Central trait-one common to all people
3. Secondary trait- it surfaces in some situations and not in others
Hans Eysenck
PEN Model- Superfactors>factors>habits>behaviours
William Sheldon
Linked personality to physique
Endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)
Erik Erikson
8 stages of life; psychological crisis in life “who am I”
Jean Piaget
4 stages of cognitive development
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Bioecological model-
Development in set of systems: cultural, social, economic, political
Micro>Meso>Exo>Macro>Chrono
Lev Vygostsky
Sociocultural Model
ZPD
Scaffolding
MKO
Lawrence Kohlberg
6 stages of moral development in children
under
3 levels of moral reasoning
John Watson
Founder of behaviourism
He conditioned fear of white rats and other furry objects in “Little Albert,” an orphaned 11-month-old boy.
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Clark Hull
Behviourist; drive reduction theory
BF Skinner
Behaviourism
Operant Conditioning (reward-punishment); Skinner Box (rat, electric rods, food, signal)
Albert Bandura
Observational Learning
Bobo doll
Modelling
Edward L. Thorndike
Primary area: Animal Intelligence
Theory of Connectionism
Law of Effect (behaviour-response)
Trace Decay Theory
George Armitage Miller
Short term memory contains seven, plus or minus two individual items (5 to 9 items)
Attkinson & Shiffrin
Model of working of human memory
Sensory
STM
LTM
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic
Id, Ego, Super ego
Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual stages of development
Alfred Adler
Psychoanalytic (neo Freudian)
Childhood social tension crucial for personality growth (Inferiority, compensation)
Karen Horney
Psychoanalytic (critical of Freud)
Current fears and impulses molds personality (neurotic needs, trends, 10 irrational solutions)
Albert Maslow
Humanistic
Hierarchy, 5 innate needs
Carl Rogers
Humanistic
Concept of Self
Unconditional Positive Regard
Positive self regard
Incongruence
Paul Broca
Broca’s Area: language center of brain; production of speech and language
Wernicke
Wernicke’s Area: Comprehension of language
Kubler-Ross
Stages of Grief
Denial>Anger/resentment>Bargaining (w God)> Depression>Acceptance
Wilhelm Wundt
one of the fathers of psychology
First psychology lab, 1879 Leipzig
Francis Galton
Founder of Differential Psychology (psychological differences, genetic inheritance, between people rather than common traits)
Formulation of the first mental tests
Carl Jung
analytical psychology
individuation and the self, the shadow, personal and collective unconscious, complexes and archetypes
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (type of CBT)
Altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behaviour and emotions
William James, Carl Lange
James-Lange Theory of emotion
Alfred Binet
First IQ Test (Binet-Simon); to indentify slow learners
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet’s IQ test- “Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test” for American children
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence- analytical, creative, practical
Theory of Love- commitment, passion, intimacy (fatuous, romantic, companionate)
Howard Gardner
Theory of Multiple Intelligence (8- mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, verbal)
Charles Spearman
Two-Factor theory of intelligence
‘g’ factor- general ability/intelligence
‘s’ factor- specific abilities
Simon Asch
Study on conformity.
Experiment- subject unaware of his situation to see if he would conform if all members of the group gave incorrect answers
Ernst Weber
Weber’s Law
the bigger or more intense the standard stimulus, the larger the increment needed to get a noticeable difference
Gustav Fechner
Fechner’s Law
magnitude of a sensory experience is proportional to the number of JND’s
that the stimulus causing the experiences above absolute threshold.
H. Rorschach
(one of the) First projective test- Inkblot test
Henry Murray
“Need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances”
Devised TAT with Christiana D. Morgan
David McClelland
Human Motivation Theory - Need for Power, Achievement, Affiliation
Developed scoring system for TAT’s use in assessing achievement motivation (not for TAT itself)