Psychologists Flashcards

and their contributions to Psych

1
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species

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2
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Three levels of traits: 1. Cardinal trait-it is the dominant trait that characterizes your life
2.Central trait-one common to all people
3. Secondary trait- it surfaces in some situations and not in others

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3
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

PEN Model- Superfactors>factors>habits>behaviours

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4
Q

William Sheldon

A

Linked personality to physique
Endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

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5
Q

Erik Erikson

A

8 stages of life; psychological crisis in life “who am I”

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6
Q

Jean Piaget

A

4 stages of cognitive development

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7
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Bioecological model-
Development in set of systems: cultural, social, economic, political
Micro>Meso>Exo>Macro>Chrono

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8
Q

Lev Vygostsky

A

Sociocultural Model
ZPD
Scaffolding
MKO

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9
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

6 stages of moral development in children
under
3 levels of moral reasoning

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10
Q

John Watson

A

Founder of behaviourism
He conditioned fear of white rats and other furry objects in “Little Albert,” an orphaned 11-month-old boy.

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11
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical Conditioning

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12
Q

Clark Hull

A

Behviourist; drive reduction theory

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13
Q

BF Skinner

A

Behaviourism
Operant Conditioning (reward-punishment); Skinner Box (rat, electric rods, food, signal)

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14
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational Learning
Bobo doll
Modelling

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15
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

Primary area: Animal Intelligence
Theory of Connectionism
Law of Effect (behaviour-response)
Trace Decay Theory

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16
Q

George Armitage Miller

A

Short term memory contains seven, plus or minus two individual items (5 to 9 items)

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17
Q

Attkinson & Shiffrin

A

Model of working of human memory
Sensory
STM
LTM

18
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytic
Id, Ego, Super ego
Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual stages of development

19
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Psychoanalytic (neo Freudian)
Childhood social tension crucial for personality growth (Inferiority, compensation)

20
Q

Karen Horney

A

Psychoanalytic (critical of Freud)
Current fears and impulses molds personality (neurotic needs, trends, 10 irrational solutions)

21
Q

Albert Maslow

A

Humanistic
Hierarchy, 5 innate needs

22
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic
Concept of Self
Unconditional Positive Regard
Positive self regard
Incongruence

23
Q

Paul Broca

A

Broca’s Area: language center of brain; production of speech and language

24
Q

Wernicke

A

Wernicke’s Area: Comprehension of language

25
Kubler-Ross
Stages of Grief Denial>Anger/resentment>Bargaining (w God)> Depression>Acceptance
26
Wilhelm Wundt
one of the fathers of psychology First psychology lab, 1879 Leipzig
27
Francis Galton
Founder of Differential Psychology (psychological differences, genetic inheritance, between people rather than common traits) Formulation of the first mental tests
28
Carl Jung
analytical psychology individuation and the self, the shadow, personal and collective unconscious, complexes and archetypes
29
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (type of CBT) Altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behaviour and emotions
30
William James, Carl Lange
James-Lange Theory of emotion
31
Alfred Binet
First IQ Test (Binet-Simon); to indentify slow learners
32
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet's IQ test- "Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test" for American children
33
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence- analytical, creative, practical Theory of Love- commitment, passion, intimacy (fatuous, romantic, companionate)
34
Howard Gardner
Theory of Multiple Intelligence (8- mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, verbal)
35
Charles Spearman
Two-Factor theory of intelligence 'g' factor- general ability/intelligence 's' factor- specific abilities
36
Simon Asch
Study on conformity. Experiment- subject unaware of his situation to see if he would conform if all members of the group gave incorrect answers
37
Ernst Weber
Weber's Law the bigger or more intense the standard stimulus, the larger the increment needed to get a noticeable difference
38
Gustav Fechner
Fechner's Law magnitude of a sensory experience is proportional to the number of JND’s that the stimulus causing the experiences above absolute threshold.
39
H. Rorschach
(one of the) First projective test- Inkblot test
40
Henry Murray
"Need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances" Devised TAT with Christiana D. Morgan
41
David McClelland
Human Motivation Theory - Need for Power, Achievement, Affiliation Developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation (not for TAT itself)