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psychological problems Flashcards

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1
Q

ICD

A

international classification of diseases

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2
Q

psychomotor

A

symptoms of depression, where thoughts relate to bodily feelings e.g. shaking, feeling lethargic

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3
Q

withdrawal

A

a set of unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms someone gets when they are trying to quit or cannot satisfy their addiction

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4
Q

dependence

A

needing the addictive substance/behaviour in order to function normally

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5
Q

tolerance

A

the need to increase the dosage of an addictive substance overtime, in order to get the same effect as a lower dosage before

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6
Q

addiction

A

a mental health problem that means people need a particular thing- a substance or an activity- in order to be able to go about their normal routine

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7
Q

relapse

A

a return of symptoms after treatment has been given. in other words, it is a failed attempt at quitting

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8
Q

dependence disorder

A

a mental health problem related to the body being depends on a substance in order to feel normal e.g heroin

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9
Q

behavioural disorder

A

an addiction to an activity e.g. shopping

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10
Q

requirement to diagnose addiction

A

at least 3 symptoms at the same time for 1 month or repeated occasions over a year

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11
Q

requirement to diagnose depression

A

at least 1 symptom for most of the time for 2 weeks and at least one other symptom

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12
Q

negative triad

A

a set of three thought patterns where people feel bad about themselves, the future and the world in general

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13
Q

irrational thinking

A

this is the cause of mental disorder according to the cognitive approach

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14
Q

cognitive bias

A

this is an irrational way of thinking

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15
Q

how negative schemas develop

A

by past experiences

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16
Q

magnification

A

a form of cognitive bias that makes people see their problems as far bigger than they actually are

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17
Q

CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)

A

a therapy for mental health disorders that aims to change thought processes in order to reduce symptoms

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18
Q

REBT

A

rational emotive behavioural therapy (based on abc model) and involves disputing depressed people’s irrational thinking

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19
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals found within the nervous system that pass messages from one neuron to another across a synapse

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20
Q

antidepressant

A

a category of drugs used to treat depression

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21
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is a type of drug used to treat depression. it increases the availability of serotonin.

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22
Q

reuptake

A

the process by which neurons reabsorb neurotransmitters that they released

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23
Q

noadrenaline

A

a type of neurotransmitter that is involved in mood and is released during times of stress

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24
Q

MAOIs

A

a drug which prevents the enzyme MAO from breaking down noadrenaline

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25
Q

placebo

A

an inactive substance or ‘fake pill’, used instead of an active substance. the person given a placebo will not know it is fake

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26
Q

learning theory

A

suggests that behaviours are through association and experiences

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27
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning by associating stimuli and response

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28
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning from the consequences of actions (reinforcement)

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29
Q

social learning theory

A

behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of role models

30
Q

reinforcement

A

an outcome resulting from behaviour that increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated or avoided in the future. the outcome may be the result of gaining something positive, or of something negative being removed.

31
Q

functional analysis

A

1st stage of CBT for addiction which identifies triggers

32
Q

skills training

A

2nd stage of CBT for addiction which involves learning to control the patterns of behaviour that lead to their addiction e.g. being assertive if experiencing peer pressure

33
Q

polymorphisms

A

a variant of a gene

34
Q

5-HHT

A

a gene associated with the serotonin levels

35
Q

caspi et. al

A

researched the influence of genes and life stress on depression

36
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

explanation for depression claim that people have a genetic predisposition for a disorder but is only triggered when in stressful situations

37
Q

predisposition

A

a tendency to develop a behaviour

38
Q

young

A

studies the effectiveness of CBT with people addicted to the internet

39
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding something good (reward)

40
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away something bad

41
Q

unipolar depression

A

a type of mood disorder causing periods of feeling sad and lacking motivation to do everyday activities

42
Q

mental health problem

A

a form of psychological problem characterised by symptoms affecting your mind and behaviour; they can affect how you think, how you feel, how you behave pr how you relate to other people

43
Q

twin studies

A

research that compares behaviour in groups of twins to see if there are similarities in each pair of twins

44
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins developed from one fertilised egg that split into two; monozygotic twins are genetically identical

45
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins developed from two different eggs fertilised during the same pregnancy; dizygotic twins are not genetically identical

46
Q

genetic predisposition

A

a biological tendency to develop a particular behaviour as a result of the genes someone has

47
Q

serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter associated with controlling mood

48
Q

deterministic

A

our actions come from what we are born with and what we experience; this is the opposite of having ‘free will’ or free choice.

49
Q

free will

A

explanations of behaviour that claim we have the ability to choose exactly what type of behaviour we want to show; this is the opposite of being ‘determined’

50
Q

cognitive theory

A

an explanation that focuses on how thought processes influence behaviour

51
Q

nature

A

explanation of behaviour that is influenced from biological factors

52
Q

nurture

A

explanation of behaviour that is influenced from environmental factors

53
Q

learning theory

A

an explanation that believes behaviour is learned through associations and experiences

54
Q

detoxification

A

when an addict tries to stop taking the substance they are addicted to

55
Q

longitudinal study

A

the same people are tested over a period of time to investigate changes

56
Q

likert-type scale

A

a scale where a person can rate their level of agreement to a statement

57
Q

aims of caspi et al.

A
  • to investigate why stressful life events seem to lead to depression in some people and not others.
  • whether stressful life events were more likely to cause depression in people with a 5-HTT gene.
58
Q

procedure of caspi et al.

A
  • 847 participants from DMHD study were split into three groups based on the version of 5-HTT gene they had
  • participants answered a questionnaire about life events that occurred between 21st and 26th birthdays, and another questionnaire asking if they showed symptoms of depression before 26th birthday.
59
Q

results of caspi et al.

A
  • participants with one short version of the 5-HTT gene and had been through stressful life events between 21-26 showed a significant increase in depression symptoms
  • participants with one short version of the 5-HTT gene and experienced stressful life events were more likely to be diagnosed with depression than participants with a long version of the gene.
  • those with a short version of the gene were more likely to develop suicidal thoughts after stressful live events compared to those with two long version
  • two short versions of 5-HTT gene were most likely to report depressive symptoms if they suffered stressful life events.
60
Q

conclusion of caspi et al.

A
  • interaction between life events and genetic influences in causing depression
  • suggesting both nature and nurture work together to increase likelihood of depression
  • person needs a specific gene and stressful life events in order to become depressed.
61
Q

strengths and weaknesses of caspi et al.

A

strengths

  • 847 participants is a large sample so its generalisable to the wider population
  • information can be used by doctors that those with depression could have different causes for their symptoms

weaknesses
- some people are more likely to put themselves in stressful life situations, which means it may be the person causing the depression not the gene

  • evidence is self-report data, participants may have exaggerated their symptoms, or play downed them. thus, unreliable
62
Q

aims of young et al.

A
  • to investigate effect of cbt on internet addicts and if problems improved during and after therapy sessions.
63
Q

procedure of young et al.

A
  • 114 participants recruited from the center of online addiction, a website dedicated to treat internet addiction in usa.
  • all participants took IAT which showed they had internet addiction.
  • participants were given a course of online cbt sessions
  • participants filled a questionnaire during the 3rd, 8th, 12th online therapy session and after 6 months.
  • questionnaire included a likert-type scale which tested the effectiveness of cbt in treating symptoms of addiction.
64
Q

results of young et al.

A
  • 58% of males and 42% females were included in the study.
  • 30% of males were addicted to online pornography, while 30% of females were addicted to online chat rooms.
  • e.g. motivation to stop using online apps has improved
  • cbt is an effective treatment as there was a significant improvement over 12 weeks, which stayed till 6 months after so it had long-term benefits
65
Q

conclusion of young et al.

A
  • cbt can be an effective treatment for internet addiction because clients reported an increase in their ability to control problem behaviours.
  • cbt seems to give long-term benefits because after 6 months many of the clients still reported similar ratings of control.
66
Q

strengths and weaknesses of young

A

strengths
- demonstrates effectiveness of online cbt, encourages those who may be embarrassed to do ‘face-to-face’ therapy sessions to treat addictions.

  • standardised as questions and rating scale used were the same, making findings reliable

weaknesses
- questionnaire filled about own own feelings may be inaccurate as participants can lie when they know they’re meant to be getting better. data lacks validity.

  • study only explains internet addiction as a whole so it is unclear if other internet addiction types achieved the same effects from cbt treatment.
67
Q

beck’s cognitive triad

A
  • depression explained by three negative thought patterns of self, world and future
  • negative triad develops from past experiences
  • which leads to negative self-schemas
  • prone to magnification where they see their problems as far worse as they are in reality.
68
Q

ellis’s abc model

A
  • suggests that depression comes from an activating event, which causes irrational thinking (belief), then leads to consequences.
69
Q

strengths and weaknesses of genetic explanation of depression

A

strengths

  • take away the stigma of being diagnosed with depression and society can be more accepting as genetics is out of control
  • evidence to support explanation such as caspi et. al

weaknesses

  • deterministic as it assumes certain genes make you depressed and there’s no way to change that.
  • reductionist as it fails to take social factors into account that may cause depression
70
Q

strengths and weaknesses of cognitive theory explanation

A

strengths

  • take social factors into account and how life events of an individual can lead to depression, accepts that is both nature and nurture factors that influence depression.
  • cbt is applied to therapy and is used to challenge the irrational thoughts of depressed individuals

weaknesses

  • difficult to tell if irrational thoughts are a symptom or cause of depression.
  • doesn’t explain other cases of depression such as post-natal depression which is influenced by hormones and not thought process. meaning it could be more biological than cognitive
71
Q

strengths and weaknesses of cbt as a treatment for depression

A
  • evidence to suggest its effectiveness (beltman/young)
  • longer lasting treatment as they can use skills to help with their symptoms in the future. antidepressants can stop to work when used for long period of time

weaknesses

  • needs motivation in order to be effective. lack of motivation is a result of depression so it will be difficult for cbt to work.
  • unethical as it suggests patient’s thoughts are wrong and needs to be changed
72
Q

strengths and weaknesses of genetic explanation of addiction

A

strengths

  • lots of evidence to support such as twin studies and adoption studies
  • explains why some are more likely to be addicted than others

weaknesses
- reductionist: fails to take social factors into account
-

edexcel psychology (7 decks)

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