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psychological problems Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the six things Jahoda believes you need for good mental health

A

positive self attitude
autonomy
personal growth
integration
environmental mastery

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2
Q

briefly explain each step of Jahoda’s criteria of mental health

A

positive self attitude - having high self esteem
autonomy - be independent
personal growth - being focused on ones future
integration - use positive self attitudes to develop resistance against stress
- environmental mastery - being successful and well adapted to environments

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3
Q

draw the mental health continuum

A

healthy - reacting - injured - ill

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4
Q

explain each step of the mental health continuum

A

healthy - normal functioning mood, normal sleep, social

reacting - nervousness, irritable, some trouble sleeping, low energy
actions - getting food, rest, exercise, identify the stressor

injured - anxiety, anger, sleep fatigue, pain, social avoidance
actions - identify stress, talk to someone, seek support

ill - excessive anxiety, unable to sleep, exhausted, isolation
actions - seek consultation, follow healthcare

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5
Q

what is a psychotic disorder

A

where people loose their self and their touch with reality

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6
Q

what is the criteria to be diagnosed wit schizophrenia

A

at least one of:
hallucinations - hearing/ seeing things
delusions - false beliefs

at least two of:
thought insertion - many thoughts at once
loss of interest/ energy
incoherent/ irrelevant speech
catatonic behaviour

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7
Q

how long do you have to have symptoms for to be diagnosed with schizophrenia

A

a month

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8
Q

what are the statistics of people with schizophrenia

A
  • 1% people diagnosed
  • ten years after diagnoses - 75% (fully recover/improved/ need support) 15% hospitalised, 15% passed away mainly due to suicide
  • 25-35 aged
  • men early 20s women early 30s
  • British with Caribbean and African origin
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9
Q

what is the first biological theory of schizophrenia

A

dopamine hypothesis - in ‘normal’ people their neurons release dopamine at a regular level. in schizophrenic people, they have too much dopamine released by neurotransmitters

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10
Q

what is the second biological theory of schizophrenia

A

brain structure - blood flow in the frontal lobe is lower and it is smaller in volume
the prefrontal cortex is defective
temporal lobe is smaller in volume due to the lack of grey matter in the brain

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11
Q

what are criticisms of the biological approach of schitzophrenia

A
  1. too deterministic - schizophrenia may not be completely controlled by what is happening in the brain ( people may chose to let their symptoms take over instead of mentally controlling
  2. ignores the effect of nurture
  3. is it possible that the brain dysfunction is a symptom not a cause
  4. very reductionist - to simplistic to try and explain a complex disorder.
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12
Q

what is the psychological theory of schizophrenia

A

social drift theory - when people loose their sense of reality, they opt in and out of society making it harder to make sense of the world around them. these people will struggle to commit to society such as things like socialising, holding down a job due to stigma around them. this can make their illness deteriorate as they don’ want to get rejected again. they then become isolated

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13
Q

draw out the psychological theory of schizophrenia

A

disengagement of individuals
- withdraw due to symptoms

            rejection from society 
      - exclude certain individuals due to 
        stigma
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14
Q

what is a criticism of the psychological theory of schizophrenia

A
  • doesn’t actually provide an explanation for the cause of schizophrenia, only explains the effect of schizophrenia
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15
Q

how can schizophrenia be treated

A

anti psychotic medication

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16
Q

what are the two types of antipsychotics

A

conventional, atypical

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17
Q

explain the conventional antipsychotic

A

treating positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations
side effects - tiredness, seizures and heart problems, jerk movements

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18
Q

explain the atypical antipsychotic

A

help with treating positive (delusions and hallucinations) and negative such as depression

side effect - experience rapid weight gain

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19
Q

define depression

A

a category of low mood disorders which lasts for weeks and months and effects daily life

20
Q

how long do you need to have symptoms (and how many) in order to be diagnosed with depression

A

five symptoms for at least two weeks

21
Q

what are some symptoms of depression

A
  • low mood
  • lack of pleasure in all activities
  • loss of energy
  • significant wight loss/gain
  • diminishing ability to think and concentrate
  • reoccurring thoughts of death
  • feelings of worthlessness
22
Q

what is the ABC clinical model of depression

A

Ellis proposed that depression occurs as a result of irrational thinking. how we perceive events can make the difference between being happy or depressed

23
Q

draw out the ABC clinical model of depression

A

activating events – beliefs — consequences

24
Q

explain activating events using a scenario

A

( the event which causes spiral of thoughts)

you pass a friend in town and they ignore you despite the fact you say hello

25
Q

explain beliefs using a scenario

A

( your interpretation of the event)

rational belief - justified why they didn’t say hello
irrational belief - thinking they don’t like you and will never talk to you again

26
Q

explain consequences using a scenario

A

if irrational beliefs are followed it leads to unhealthy emotional outcome, you react in a negative manner.

27
Q

what are the criticisms of the ABC model of clinical depression

A
  • doesn’t know the background of each individual (ignores individual differences)
  • too reductionist - focuses too much on cognitive processes and not biological as well
  • hard to conclude cause and effect using this model - is the irrational thinking causing depression or is depression causing the irrational thinking
  • by the supportive idea of free will, Ellis’ model assumes the individual is responsible for their illness
28
Q

explain the biological theory of clinical depression

A

social rank theory
- depression stems from feelings of defeat from being a lower standard (or rank) than another.
- If the rank is attempted to be re gained and the individual fails, higher levels of depression is likely
- therefore if an individual has symptoms such as low mood or loss of energy the individual will no longer want to try again causing further defeat

29
Q

how can the social drift theory be criticised

A
  • fails to consider the complex nature of depression
  • ignores individual differences
  • outdated, reductionistic view
30
Q

which study supports the social rank theory

A

Tandoc et al

31
Q

what did Tandoc’s study find out

A

Facebook envy can be linked to symptoms of depression due to the perception of being a lower rank/statues than other users

32
Q

what was the sample of the study tandoc et al

A

700 students from uni in USA most were female

33
Q

what method was used for tandoc et als study

A
  • self report
  • online survey
34
Q

how was levels on envy measured

A

questionnaire asked participants a number of questions about their Facebook usage and levels/ types of envy they feel

35
Q

how was levels of depression measured

A

questionnaire about associated symptoms to depression one may feel

36
Q

what are some criticisms of the tandoc et al study

A
  • gender and age bias
  • reductionist - just because someone is envious of someone else doesn’t mean they have or will develop depression
  • lacks validity - some participants may not have been honest
  • can’t be generalised
37
Q

what is the statistics of depression

A
  • difficult to measure as not all are reported
  • more prevalent in woman than men
  • wide age range most common being
    16-24
38
Q

what is psychotherapy

A

a type of therapy designed to help people with problems using psychology rather than medicine

39
Q

what does CBT stand for

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

40
Q

what does CBT aim to do

A

change how individuals think and behaves and how negative irrational thoughts impact the individual

41
Q

why did Ellis add D and E to the ABC model

A

D - disputing (questioning) of the persons irrational beliefs
E - effect of changing the interpretation of an event eg: therapy being able to help individuals view an event in a less negative way

42
Q

what are neuropsychological tests

A

designed to help doctors understand the cognitive behavioural problems that patients experience

43
Q

evaluate neuropsychological tests

A
  • the tests are standardised ( used on many patient)
  • very reliable
  • scores are compared to “normal” samples
44
Q

what and how did Beck test for depression

A

he tested to measure the severity of depression

  • multiple choice, self reported test on different aspects of depression
  • feelings of haplessness, tiredness, and symptoms such as weightless
45
Q

what and how did Wisconsin test for depression

A

checks the function of the frontal lobe

  • a client is given a set of cards to sort them out ( based on a criteria given to them)
  • the client then tries to sort out the cards by figuring out a pattern
46
Q

what is brain imaging

A

used PET scans to identify different areas of the brain and blow flow in the brain

psychology one (3 decks)

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