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psychology one > DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four key stages of brain development

A

pre - natal, childhood, adolescence and adulthood

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2
Q

what is the nervous system

A

network of nerve cells and fibres that transmit impulses between body parts

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3
Q

draw and label the main parts of a neuron

A

include - cell body, nucleus, dendrite, myline sheath, axon

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4
Q

what does the dendrite do

A

collects chemical messages and transforms it into electrical impulses

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5
Q

what does the axon do

A

carries electrical impulses through the neuron

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6
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

protects the axon preventing loss of electrical impulses

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7
Q

name and label the parts of the brain

A

frontal lobe, parental lobe, temporal lobe, occipital, hippocampus

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the frontal lobe

A

problem solving, movement, speaking

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the parental lobe

A

reading, senses

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the temporal lobe

A

listening

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the occipital lobe

A

vision, colour perception

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12
Q

how does the stage of pre natal help brain development

A
  • the neural tube is developed into the spinal cord and brain
  • cerebral cortex is then formed - needed for thinking and acting
  • then divided into four sections
  • neurons begin to develop
  • simple synapses form allowing neurons to communicate
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13
Q

how does the stage of childhood help brain development

A
  • new synapses form to allow baby to see in 3d and colour
  • prefrontal cortex is at peak allowing children to use past experiences to understand present
  • neural connections are then pruned
  • frontal lobe = a lot of development
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14
Q

how does the stage of adolescence help brain development

A
  • brain remodelling
  • grey matter reaches maximum density
    and then prunes away
  • limbic system first to mature
  • prefrontal cortex still developing meaning relying on limbic system to take over
  • explains risk taking behaviour
  • frontal lobe = mature at 16
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15
Q

how does the stage of adulthood help brain development

A
  • prefrontal cortex finally matures (25)
  • helps people make rational decisions and focus on long term consequences
  • brain volume decreases
  • later adulthood development of neurodegenerative diseases
    these are progressive and get worse over time and are believed to result in the death of neurons in the brain.
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16
Q

what are IQ tests

A

tests designed to measure intelligence

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17
Q

who created IQ tests

A

Alfread Binnet

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18
Q

why did he create IQ tests

A

French government wanted to help children in school

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19
Q

what do IQ tests measure

A

memory skills, attention, problem solving skills

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20
Q

how did IQ tests create a controlling society and why

A

psychologists set IQ tests to determine if people could enter the county, get jobs or fight in war - people may not speak native language so unfair

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21
Q

who created the theory of cognitive development

A

Piaget

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22
Q

what are the four stages of cognitive development and ages

A

sensory motor - 0-2
pre operational - 2-7
concreate operational - 7-11
formal operational - 11+

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23
Q

what is a schema

A

mental structures of our world enabling to understand the present

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24
Q

what is assimilation

A

new information that children encounter are merged into EXISTING schemas

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25
Q

what is accommodation

A

new information that children encounter which results in either a new schema being formed or it alters an old one

26
Q

what is object permanence and what age does it begin to develop and the stage

A

understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them - 12 months - sensori-motor

27
Q

what is animism and when does it begin to develop and the stage

A

the belief that inanimate objects are alive, thinking with feelings - 2-7 - pre operational stage

28
Q

what is egocentrism and when does it begin to develop and the stage

A

children’s lack of empathy believing everyone else sees the world in the same way - 2-7 - pre operational

29
Q

what is decentration and when does it begin to develop and what stage

A

the ability to pay attention to more than one aspect of a situation - 7-11 - concreate operational

30
Q

what is reversibility and when does it begin to develop and what stage

A

being unable to think in reverse order and not understanding if you add something or take something away from an object - 2-7 - pre operational

31
Q

what is conservation and when does it begin to develop and what stage

A

logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container 7-11 concreate operational

32
Q

what are some criticisms of Piaget’s study of conservation

A
  • only on Swiss children - culturally bias
  • small sample size - not generalisable
  • study was artificial (lab) therefore it lacked ecological validity (doesn’t apply to the real world)
33
Q

what is reductionism

A

viewing human behaviour from a simple perspective and fails to take in other factors that contribute to how we behave

34
Q

what is holism

A

recognises the importance of seeing people as individuals and that one approach or theory cannot explain human behaviour

35
Q

how can the reductionism and holism debate relate to Piaget’s theory of the stages of development

A

Piaget’s theory can be considered reductionist
- he made the assumption that all children are the same
- eg: learning disabilities
therefore his study cannot be related to every child like he stated

36
Q

what are the three factors Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is based on

A

invariant, universal, schemas

37
Q

what does the term invariant mean

A

that Piaget’s stages don’t change for each child. everyone goes through EACH OF these stages ( not skipping) no matter their intelligence.

38
Q

what does the term universal mean

A

It applies to all people, no matter age, gender, race, culture etc

39
Q

what was the study Piaget completed

A

the study into the conservation of number

40
Q

what did Piaget want to find out

A

if age group effected children ability to conserve

41
Q

what was Piaget’s hypothesis

A

children in the concreate operational stage will be able to conserve but not pre operational

42
Q

what was the sample size of piagets study

A

very small
Swiss children
three were his own children

43
Q

what did Piaget do to test his hypothesis

A
  • tested each child individually
  • they were shown two rows of counters that were lined up side by side
  • both rows were equally matched, counter line one directly above the second
  • the child was then asked if there were the same amount of counters in each row
  • the experimenter then spread out one of the rows of counters and the child was asked again the same question
44
Q

what were the results of the study

A

pre operational - the row that was spread out had more counters
children at the end of pre operational stage- understood there wasn’t the same amount of counters but couldn’t explain why
children in the concreate operational stage- they understood and were able to explain why

45
Q

what are the criticisms of Piaget’s study

A

ignores holistic view
small sample size - not generalisable
completed under lab conditions therefore not ecologically valid
only Swiss children - culturally bias

46
Q

who created theory’s of learning development

A

Carol Dweck and Willingham

47
Q

what did Dweck study

A

growth and fixed mindset

48
Q

what is a growth mindset

A

people who believe with effort and time they can develop their intelligence

49
Q

what is a fixed mindset

A

people who believe they think their intelligence is innate and cannot be changed

50
Q

what did the researcher give to the children to test their mindset

A

puzzles to solve at first easy then harder

51
Q

what where the two different praises the researcher gave the children

A

intelligence and effort

52
Q

what was the result when children were praised for intelligence

A
  • they had a fixed mindset
  • stayed in their comfort zone
  • didn’t want to choose the harder option of puzzle to therefore feel a sense of achievement when doing the easier puzzle
  • when they fail they believe its a lack of their intelligence
53
Q

what was the result when children were praised for effort

A
  • they had a growth mindset
  • they approached challenges
  • choses problem solving tasks that increased learning
  • when they fail they link it to a lack of effort not their intelligence
54
Q

what should teachers do teachers influence children’s mindset

A

by telling students that improvement takes effort and time and they need to work hard to be good at something
they should
- praise students for effort
- give small but do able tasks
- encourage students to try hard and not give up

55
Q

what are some criticisms of Dweck

A
  • places failure very firmly on students, if they fail, they believe it is because of their mindset or lack of effort
  • doesn’t take into account other factors such as stress or individual differences that could effect their ability to concentrate
56
Q

who provided support for Dweck’s theory

A

Blackwell et al’s

57
Q

what were the findings of Blackwell’s study

A

students with a growth mindset were found to have stronger learning goals and greater motivation levels. students with a growth mindset also had increased levels of math achievement

58
Q

what is a learning style

A

they way in which people learn best

59
Q

who criticised learning styles

A

Willingham

60
Q

what are the four types of learning styles

A

visual, kinaesthetic, reading, auditory

61
Q

what did Willingham believe

A

there is no evidence that learning styles exist. He also believes that there are preferences of how to learn but teaching to these preferences doesn’t lead to better learning

62
Q

what are some criticisms of Willingham’s theory

A
  • ignored individual differences
  • too reductionistic
  • used evidence from other theories

psychology one (3 decks)

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