Psychological Perspective Of The Self Flashcards
______ as a science is concerned with how we develop our sense of self over the course of development.
Psychology
The word psychology comes from the root words ______, or mind, and ______, or study.
It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
psyche, logos
______ ______, a British-American psychologist, defined that the mind is composed of _______ such subselves that are autonomous sets of psychological processes— dreams, desires, emotions, and memories.
David Lester, multiple
___ ________ _____ is the integration of the subselves into one. However, Lester believed that integration is a task for the later part of life.
The unified self
______ _______ ________ was an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who suggested that the self is composed of:
Donald Woods Winnicott
_________ has a sese of integrity, connected to wholeness that started from an early age.
True self
used when a person has to comply with external rules such as being polite or otherwise following social codes.
False self
_______ was a psychologist and philosopher who had a major influence on the development of psychology in the United states.
William James (1842-1910)
The _____ is a construct which encompasses all aspects of the person both tangible and observable and even the internal and more private aspects of the self.
Self
The Self as the Knower
“Pure Ego”
The processor of information or the thinker, which allows one to be aware of the environment and one’s existence within that environment
I-SELF
The Self as Known
“Empirical Self”
Further divided into three constituents:
a. The Material Sel
b. The Social Self
c. The Spiritual Self
ME-SELF
- one’s body, clothes, family, home and possessions and valued one’s own
- extension of ourselves
Material Self
- how we think
other people think about us - our reputation in society
Social Self
- psychological faculties and dispositions, thoughts, beliefs and feelings
- most enduring and intimate part of the self
Spiritual Self
__________ was an American psychologist and one of the founders of the humanistic approach in psychology.
He defined the ___ as a flexible and changing perception of personal identity
Carl Rogers (1902-1987), self
________ is how you perceive yourself in terms of behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics.
Self-concept
_________ consists of all the ideas, including the awareness of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’
Real self-concept
_______ the person’s conception of what one should be or wanted to be that includes one’s goals and ambitions in life.
Ideal self-concept
_________ was a Swiss psychiatrist whose research was deeply-rooted in psychoanalysis
He is best known for his research in personality, dream analysis and the human psyche.
Carl Gustav Jung
The _______ (or mask) is the outward face we present to the world. It conceals our real self and Jung describes it as the _______
persona, “conformity” archetype
________ it is how we present ourselves to the world. The word “persona” is derived from a Latin word that literally means “mask.” The persona represents all of the different social masks that we wear among various groups and situations. It acts to shield the ego from negative images.
The Persona
______ it consists of sex and life instincts. It exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings. It forms out of our attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations.
The Shadow
_________ is a feminine image in the male psyche, and it is a male image in the female psyche. It represented the “true self” rather than the image we present to others and serves as the primary source of communication with the collective
unconscious.
The Anima or Animus
______-it represents the unified unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual. Creating it occurs through a process known as individuation, in which the various aspects of personality are integrated.
The Self
He was an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.
• He is considered as one of the most influential and controversial thinkers in the 20th century.
• He suggested that human personality was made up of three components: id, ego and superego.
FREUD
➤ present at birth
➤ operates under the _______ ______– -the drive to seek immediate satisfaction of their needs and desires
➤When gratification is delayed, as it is when infants have to wait to be fed, they begin to see themselves as separate. from the outside world
Id, pleasure principle
➤ develops gradually during the first year or so of life and operates during the _________
➤its aim is to find realistic ways to gratify the id that are acceptable to the superego
Ego, reality principle
➤develops at about age 5 oг 6
➤it includes the conscience and incorporates socially approved “should” and “should nots” into the child’s value system
➤highly demanding; if its standards are not met, a child may feel guilty or anxious
Superego
• He identified specific _______ ______ or “pleasure areas” for each stage of development.
• A ______ occurs if needs are not met along the area.
erogenous zones, fixation
_______ (birth to 1 year) the sex instinct centers on the mouth because infants derive pleasure from such oral activities as sucking, chewing, and biting. Feeding activities are particularly important.
Oral stage
________ (1 to 3 years) voluntary urination and defecation become the primary methods of gratifying the sex instincts. Toilet- training produces major conflicts between children and parents. The emotional climate that parents create can have lasting effects.
Anal stage
________ (3 to 6 years) pleasure is now derived from genital stimulation. Children develop an incestuous desire for the opposite-sex parent (called the ______ _____ for boys and _______ for girls). Anxiety stemming from this conflict causes children to internalize the sex-role characteristics and moral standards of their same-sex parental rival.
Phallic stage
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
_________ (6 to 11 years) - traumas of the phallic stage cause sexual conflicts to be repressed and sexual urges to be rechanneled into schoolwork and vigorous play. The ego and superego continue to develop as the child gains more problem-solving abilities at school and internalizes societal values.
Latency stage
_______ (age 12 onward) - puberty triggers a reawakening of sexual urges. Adolescents must now learn how to express these urges in socially acceptable ways. If development has been healthy, the mature sex instinct is satisfied by marriage and raising children.
Genital stage
________ was a German-born American psychoanalyst who extended Freudian theory by emphasizing the influence of society on the developing personality.
• He was a pioneer in taking a _______.
In his psychosocial development, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self.
Erik Erikson
life-span perspective.
Each ______ emerges at a distinct time dictated by biological maturation and the social demands that developing people experience at particular points in life
crisis
