Philosophical Perspectives

Question 1

■ “Father of Western Philosophy”

He was a classical Greek philosopher and is one of the founders of Western philosophy
He is an often in the role of questioner.

Answer 1

SOCRATES

Question 2

• logical process of using questions and answers to explore a subject.

Answer 2

Socratic Method

Question 3

Socrates believed that man has to look at himself to understand his long- standing mission, and it is to ___

Answer 3

“Know Thyself.”

Question 4

■He also believed that an individual’s personhood is composed of the body and soul, in which the soul for him is immortal. With this, he insisted that death is not the end of existence.

Answer 4

Socrates

Question 5

■For him, “an unexamined life is not worth living.”

Answer 5

Socrates

Question 6

■He became a pupil and friend of Socrates

He is a dualist, same with Socrates, he also believed that man is composed of body and soul.

He believed that the soul exists before birth and after death. Resembling the idea of reincarnation, he ascertained that the soul lives within a body and upon death, the soul moves onto another body afterwards.

Answer 6

PLATO

Question 7

• part of us that thinks deeply, makes wise choices, and achieves a true understanding of eternal truths.

Answer 7

Rational soul

Question 8

• includes our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.

Answer 8

Appetitive soul

Question 9

• includes our basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy.

Answer 9

Spirited soul

Question 10

Another Greek philosopher who believed that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.

■He is interested in compounds that are alive (plants and animals)— these are the things that have souls, and their souls are what make them living things.

Answer 10

ARISTOTLE

Question 11

Humans differ from other living things because of their capacity for ___

Answer 11

rational thinking.

Question 12

• found in plants; includes the physical body that can grow

Answer 12

Vegetative soul

Question 13

Found in animals; includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions

Answer 13

Sentient soul

Question 14

• present only in humans; includes the intellect that allows man to know and understand things

Answer 14

Rational soul

Question 15

■An ancient Christian theologian who played a significant role in the development of early Western philosophy. emphasized the importance of free will, the ability to choose between good and evil.

Answer 15

AUGUSTINE

Question 16

He believed that man is ______ in nature, which is our physical body and the soul.
emphasized the importance of free will, the ability to choose between good and evil.

Answer 16

bifurcate

Question 17

■A French philosopher considered as the founder of modern philosophy.

He was also a mathematician and a scientist.

■He conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind

Answer 17

RENE DESCARTES

Question 18

Rene Descartes famous philosophical statement is ______ (cogito ergo sum)

Answer 18

I think, therefore I am”

Question 19

the ______, the thing that thinks, which is the mind,

Answer 19

COGITO

Question 20

______ of the mind, which is the body

Answer 20

EXTENZA

Question 21

A British philosopher and physician who laid the groundwork for an empiricist approach to philosophical questions
■He described personal identity as the cumulation of consciousness, informed through memories of experience.

Answer 21

JOHN LOCKE

Question 22

(ability to remember past thoughts and actions as our own).

Answer 22

psychological continuity

Question 23

■His revolutionary theory is that the mind is a ________, a blank slate on which experience writes- sensations and reflections being the two sources of all our ideas

Answer 23

tabula rasa

Question 24

■A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.

■As an empiricist, he believes that one can know only through the senses and experiences.

■According to him, the self in an Illusion; there is no actual self.

Answer 24

DAVID HUME

Question 25

David Hume suggests that self is nothing else but a ______ that can be categorized into two

Answer 25

bundle of perceptions

Question 26

■ are basic objects of our experience or sensation. It forms the core of our thoughts.

Answer 26

Impressions

Question 27

■ are copies of our impressions. Because of this, they are not as lively and clear as our impressions.

Answer 27

Ideas

Question 28

■He was one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy.

He believed that there is self and that self is a product of reasoning (consciousness is there).

■According to him, we both have an inner and an outer

self which unify to give us consciousness

Answer 28

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 29

is comprised of our psychological state and our rational intellect

Answer 29

inner self

Question 30

includes our sense and the physical world

Answer 30

Outer self

Question 31

■An Austrian neurologist who is credited with developing the field of psychoanalysis (a method of treating mental disorders).

■Considered as one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century, even though many of his ideas have been challenged in recent decades.

Answer 31

SIGMUND FREUD

Question 32

Though the conscious self also has important role to play in our lives, it is the _______& that holds the greatest fascination for Freud, and which has the dominant influence in personalities.

Answer 32

unconscious self

Question 33

this operates according to pleasure principle as it focuses on immediate gratification of its needs.

Answer 33

Id

Question 34

this operates according to reality principle as it finds realistic ways of satisfying the instinct.

Answer 34

Ego

Question 35

this is considered as the seat of the conscience, which develops between ages 3 and 6, as children incorporate their parents’ moral values.

Answer 35

Superego

Question 36

Verbal or memory mistake that is believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. These slips supposedly reveal secret thoughts and feelings that people hold.

Answer 36

Slip of the tongue (parapraxis):

Question 37

: Route to the unconscious. While information from the conscious mind my sometimes appear in dreams, Freud believed that it was often in disguised form.

Answer 37

Dreams

Question 38

: According to Freud, it is the formation of behavioral or psychosomatic symptoms as a result of the return of the repressed.

Answer 38

Neurosis

Question 39

A British philosopher who was known for his critique of Cartesian dualism.

Mind-body dualism machine” “ghost in the

■He believed that self comes from behavior- - it makes us who we are.

“Our knowledge of other people and our selves depends on noticing how they and we behave.”

Answer 39

GILBERT RYLE

Question 40

■A Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind.

■Disagrees with dualism (mind and body as separate entities), bur rather holds to materialism (nothing but matter exists).

Answer 40

PAUL CHURCHLAND

Question 41

It claims that mental states, beliefs and desires do not exist at all.

Answer 41

Eliminative materialism

Question 42

■He believes that by empirically investigating how the brain functions, we will be able to predict and explain how we function- we are our brain.

Answer 42

Paul Churchland

Question 43

A French phenomenological philosopher.

■He believes that the definition of the self is all about one’s perceptions of his or her experiences and how we interpret those experiences.

■ According to him, the mind and the body are intertwined or connected and that they cannot be separated from one another- both are part of creating who you are.

Answer 43

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY