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Introduction to Psychology > Psychological disorders and treatment > Flashcards

Psychological disorders and treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopathology definition

A

Psych(o) = Greek for psyche, soul or mind. Mental processes and activities

Pathology = Greek for pathos (suffering). Deviations from normal structure or functioning

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2
Q

Psychiatrist vs psychotherapist

A

Psychiatrists are able to give drugs, they have to study medicine as well. Psychotherapists treat with words, they study psychology

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3
Q

Disease vs disorder

A

Disease: A particular distinctive process in the body with a specific cause and characteristic symptoms.

Disorder: Irregularity, disturbance, or interruption of normal functions.

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4
Q

How do we define normal mental functioning? (5)

A
  • Appropriate perception of reality
  • Self-control
  • Self-esteem
  • Social relations based on affection
  • Productivity, creativity
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5
Q

Define abnormality (4 ways)

A
  1. Deviation from statistical norms. If behaviour is statistically unusual, then its abnormal. This does not specify WHICH infrequent behaviour in abnormal.
  2. Deviation from cultural norms. (variance across cultures and generations/time within cultures). You can NOT blindly apply a criterion to diagnose a psychological disorder.
  3. Maladaptive behaviour (Harmful to oneself or others, or increases risk for harmfulness)
  4. Personal distress (Subjective criterion, ego-syntonic vs ego-dystonic)
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6
Q

Define ego syntonic and ego dystonic

A

Ego syntonic: Others suffer

Ego dystonic: Patient suffers

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7
Q

So…define abnormality in 3 D’s

A

Deviance
Dysfunction
Distress

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8
Q

Name 2 diagnostic tools of psychological disorders

A
  1. DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders (keeps developing new editions)
  2. International classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
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9
Q

Define diagnosis

A

The classification of disorders by symptoms and signs;

  • Talking to the person
  • Talking to their environment
  • Tests
  • Observing behaviour
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10
Q

Describe the diagnostic system of the American psychiatric association.

A
  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). Published by American Psychiatric association, first edition in 1952, 106 categories, current edition DSM-5, from 2013. 347 categories)
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11
Q

Describe the DSM-5

A

For each psychological disorder it provides:

  • Diagnostic criteria
  • Description of associated features (lab findings, physical exams)
  • Summary of research literature

BUT defines based only on symptoms! Our knowledge is not yet strong enough to diagnose etiology

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12
Q

What’s etiology?

A

The investigation of the causes for something.

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13
Q

Why is culture an important factor to keep in mind?

Does the DSM-5 consider it?

A

Risk factors, symptom experience, stigma, willingness to seek help, availability of treatments.

Discusses culture related issues for most disorders, cultural formation interview questions for clinicians, description of how syndromes present across cultures

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14
Q

Criticism of the DSM-5

A
  1. Too many diagnoses
  2. Categorical vs dimensional
  3. Reliability
  4. Negative effect of diagnosis
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15
Q

Prevalence of disorders in males and females (survey)

A

8098 participants. 50% had at least one lifetime disorder, less than 40% of those had ever received professional treatment

Females: Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia

Males: Substance dependence, antisocial personality

Most disorders decline with age and higher socioeconomic status. Highest rate of disorders in Israel, Nigeria, South Africa.

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16
Q

Is mental illness a myth?

A

Difficulty identifying definition, some deny that abnormality even exists (Robert Rosenhan, 1973) Stigma!

17
Q

Describe the treatment of personality disorders

A

More enduring than other disorders, lifelong. Statistical deviation.

18
Q

Types of treatment of psychological disorders

A
  1. Biological therapy (drugs or surgery) - somatogenic origins
  2. Psychotheraphy (Talking therapy) - Psychogenic origins
19
Q

Give an example of a somatogenic origin of mental illness

A

Alzheimer’s disease: Plagues and tangles

Depression: Serotonin deficits

20
Q

Give an example of a psychogenic origin of mental illness

A 
PTSD- Direct experience
Social learning (learned helplessness in depression)
Maladaptive beliefs (internal attributions for failure)
21
Q

What’s the vulnerability-stress model?

A 
Like an espresso cup:
Vulnerability factors (coffee ground) + stressors (foam) = Psychological disorders
22
Q

What are vulnerability factors?

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Biological characteristics
  • Psychological traits
  • Previous maladaptive learning
  • Low social support
23
Q

What are stressors?

A
  • economic adversity
  • environmental trauma
  • interpersonal stresses/losses
  • Occupational setbacks or demands
24
Q

What are examples for biological treatments?

A
  • Drugs (Thorazine/antipsychotic, valium/anxiety, Prozac, seroxat/depression)
  • ECT (Electroconvulsive shocl therapy)
  • Psychosurgery (lobotomy)
  • TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation)
  • DBS (Deep brain stimulation)
25
Q

Types of psychotherapy (5)

A 
Psychoanalysis
Behavioural
Cognitive-behavioural (Finding rational alternatives for negative thoughts, rating emotions in situations)
Humanistic
Group/Family therapy
ACT- Acceptance and commitment therapy
26
Q

APA Society of clinical psychology’s view on therapy relationship

A

“Therapy relationship accounts for why clients improve (or fail to improve) at least as much as the particular treatment method” Empathy, warmth and therapeutic relationship correlate more highly with the patient’s outcome.

27
Q

Explain 2 origin theories of mood disorders

A

Biological: Chemical imbalance, antidepressants and placebo effect

Cognitive: Negative views about world = Negative views about future = Negative views about self. (Cycle). Rumination= Focus on problems in circular manner without moving into problem solving can make you depressed.

28
Q

3 Explanatory styles

A
  1. Internal/External: “I’m stupid” vs “The test was unfair”.
  2. Stable/Unstable: “I always do poorly on tests” vs “I’ll do better on the next one”
  3. Global/Specific: Domain specificity: “I’ll never get my degree” vs “I’m not doing well in this class, but in other classes I am”
29
Q

Optimistic vs Pessimistic explanatory styles

A

Optimistic:

  • Good event: Internal/stable/global
  • Bad event: External/Unstable/Specific

Pessimistic:
- Good event: External/Unstable/Specific
- Bad event:
Internal/Stable/Global

Introduction to Psychology (12 decks)

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