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Introduction to Psychology > Developmental psychology > Flashcards

Developmental psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we give birth to helpless babies?

Give 3 hypotheses

A
  • Brains are underdeveloped. Need a 18-21 month gestation period.
  1. Pelvis hypothesis
  2. Metabolism hypothesis
  3. Intelligence
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2
Q

Give 3 hypotheses for stages of development

A
  1. Cognitive development in childhood (Piaget). (Make sense of world, understand other’s intentions)
  2. Moral development in childhood (Kohlberg)
  3. Psychosocial development across lifespan (Erikson)
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3
Q

Childhood in History

A

Roman parents could kill unwanted children

Until 1500 kids from 6 yo would be treated like adults

Need for nurturing and schooling emphasized in the 17th/18th centuries in Western world

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4
Q

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive development in Childhood

A

Children are NOT mini adults

Children must learn to think abstractly

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5
Q

What’s Assimilation?

A

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures (Cat = doggie??)

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6
Q

What’s accommodation?

A

Changing mental structures in response to new experiences (Cat vs dog)

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7
Q

Cognitive development stages in childhood (According to Piaget)

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete operational stage
  4. Formal operational stage
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8
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years. Differentiation of self from objects. Recognition in mirror. Object permanence at 18 months

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9
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-7. Use of symbols/symbolic play. Lack of conservation (idea that amount remains the same despite change in its appearance) Egocentric (theory of mind- you see it how i see it)

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10
Q

What’s the false belief task?

A

Children below 4 don’t pass this (typically). Recognition that others can have different beliefs from us

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11
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7-11. Inductive reasoning, generalizations from observations, but not deductive reasoning (all birds have feathers. Robins are birds. All robins have feathers)

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12
Q

Conservation task (of quantity and number)

A

Things that look less must be less (water in differently shaped glass)

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13
Q

Formal operational stage

A

11+ Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, scientific problem solving.

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14
Q

Critique of Piaget’s theory

A

Based on observing his own 3 children. Underestimated children’s abilities. (Vygotsky’s socio-cultural approach). Stages are too strict, some children are different.

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15
Q

Moral development in childhood

A

Lawrence Kohlberg. Studies why rather than behaviour. 3 main levels of moral reasoning (Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional)

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16
Q

Heinz’s dilemma

A

Dying wife, druggist charges 10x the price, man breaks into store

17
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s 3 stages in detail

A

Pre-conventional (-10 years):

  • Punishment orientation (don’t steal because prison)
  • Naive reward orientation (yes, because he will have his wife after)

Conventional level (-13 years):

  • Good boy orientation (others will think you’re a coward if you don’t steal)
  • Social order orientation (don’t because there are rules to maintain order)

Post-conventional level (not all of us get there):

  • Social contract (government should pay for medication)
  • Individual principles (according to my own set of ethical beliefs..
18
Q

Critique of Kohlberg’s theory

A
  • Western culture bias
  • Male bias
  • Is abstract reasoning equal to real life moral conduct?
19
Q

Psychological development across our lifespan

A

Theory by Erik Erikson. 8 stages of psychosocial development. Dealing with social crises. Outcome of crises determines personality. Development goes on whole life (against freud, who said development ends at Puberty)

20
Q

Erikson’s personality + social development theory

A

0-1: Trust/mistrust. Is my world supportive?

1-3: Autonomy/shame and doubt. Can I trust myself?

3-6: Initiative/guilt. Am I good or bad?

6-11: Industry/inferiority. Am I worthless?

Adolescence: Identity/confusion. Who am I?

Young adulthood: Intimacy/ isolation. Am I going to live alone?

Adulthood: Generative/self-absorption. Will I do something of real value?

Late adulthood: Integrity/despair. Have I lived a full life?

21
Q

Critique of Erikson’s theory

A

More attention paid to childhood that adult life. Very vague, not testable, cultural bias.

22
Q

Other theories

A

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and bandura’s cognitive social learning theory

23
Q

What’s imprinting?

A

Innate form of recognition and attachment to a caregiver (Konrad Lorenz’s geese studies)

24
Q

What’s attachment?

A

Enduring emotional bond that develops between infants and primary caregivers. (Harlow’s monkey studies)

25
Q

Give 2 theories on attachment

A
  1. Feud: Cupboard theory- importance of drive reduction (hunger). Mother provides food- attachment
  2. Harlow: Comfort, not cupboards. Evidence from rhesus monkeys. Denying infants contact and comfort can have a detrimental impact on their development.
26
Q

Bowlby’s theory

A

Attachment theory: Children come into the world pre-programmed to form bonds with others. Attachment in infancy results from the need to have a secure base from which to explore and learn. Return to protection when frightened.

27
Q

Strange situation paradigm

A

Experiment by Ainsworth and colleagues.

28
Q

Attachment styles

A

Securely attached

Anxious avoidant

Anxious resistant

Disorganized

(Last three fall under insecurely attached)

29
Q

Secure attachment

A

React positively to stranger. Distressed when mom leaves, happy when she returns

30
Q

Anxious resistant attachment

A

Fearful when mom is present. Demands her attention. Distressed when she leaves, not soothed when she returns. May angrily resist attempts of contact.

31
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Contradictory patterns of anxious attachment. May cry for mom at door but run away when door opens. Appears confused, may later adopt parental role towards parent.

32
Q

Anxious avoidant attachment

A

Few signs of attachment. Rarely cries when mom leaves. Does not seek contact when mom returns.

33
Q

Social development and attachment

A

Across cultures, 50-75% securely attached. Infancy is a sensitive, but NOT CRITICAL period for attachment.

Introduction to Psychology (12 decks)

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