Intelligence Flashcards
Validity in an experiment
To measure what it’s supposed to measure
Construct validity
Correlates with outcomes that the theory says
it should predict
Criterion validity, or empirical validity
Correlation between test scores and external factors
What is intelligence? (4)
- Ability to solve problems
- Understand/learn complex material
- Adapt to the environment
- Mental quickness
Give 3 important events/people in the history of intelligence tests
- France, 1904-1911: universal elementary education
- Alfred Binet (physician)
- Wechsler (WAIS- over 16, & WISC-6 to 16) performance and verbal testing
What does IQ mean?
Intelligence quotient
How do you calculate IQ and what is the average?
Mental age (MA) vs. chronological age (CA) IQ score = (MA / CA) x 100
Average = 100
Also explain stigma behind IIQ points. (15)
What is norming?
Raw score vs. standardised score. Process of constructing norms or the typical performance of a group of individuals
Eg: Age norming (6th birthday move from 120 → 100)
What do standardised testing results include?
Standardised sample – random population
Normal distribution/bell curve
What is IQ associated with?
How much does intelligence actually contribute to this?
GPA in high school and college, job success, salary, stable marriages/illegitimate children, staying out of jail, longevity (how long you live)
But intelligence only contributes 25%, other factors are environment, personality and culture
Dependent vs independent variable
Dependent: The outcome
Independent: What you vary
Are studies in intelligence correlational?
Yes, almost always.
What is the “Flynn effect”?
Strong evidence that the environment has a powerful impact on intelligence, because genetics could not account for the fast raw score increase in IQ over the past years. (though 100 remains the average)
In which fields did we gain raw scores?
Small gains: Vocabulary, general knowledge, arithmetics
Large gains: Abstract thinking tasks.
How would abstract thinking be biased?
Cultural bias (different cultures value different things, make different connections)
IQ cutoff for mental retardation
70
Name 3 ways intelligence has been categorised
Name 2 methods of evaluating subtests
Spearman: g is general intelligence, broken down into 4 s: specific intelligence
Cattell & Horn: Fluid intelligence (new task) and crystallised intelligence (known info) developing in lifespan
Gardner: Theory of multiple intelligences.
Psychometric analysis of subtests, and correlation among subtests
Explain Gardner’s theory more in depth
Profile of 9 different intelligences: Linguistic, spatial, musical, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, existential.
Rating of intelligence in each. (Circle with different parts filled out) Hard to measure. Poor correlation with achievements, so not very much used.
Name the underlying mechanisms of intelligence (3)
- Mental speed/quickness of thought. High corellation between IQ and reaction speed
- Working memory
- Cortical thickness and the working of a few parietal areas
When does one have a general learning disability?
What are the causes?
Give the 4 stages of severity for learning disabilities
2 SD below average IQ or more.
Genetic diseases, poison during pregnancy (FAS)
69-50: Mild
49-35: Moderate
34-20: Severe
<20: Profound
Is there lower IQ in minorities?
Minorities do not have lower IQ, there is hardly any genetic difference between the races. But biased tests and stereotype threat make it seem as if there was an IQ difference.
Outline the Milgram experiment
Subject has to shock the person when they get the answer wrong. Shock increases. See how they respond to authority.
