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PSY111 > Psychological disorders > Flashcards

Psychological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychopathology

A

Refers to patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that disrupt a persons sense of wellbeing or social functioning

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2
Q

Define mental health

A

A state of emotional and social well being

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3
Q

Define mental health problems

A

The wide range of emotional and behavioural abnormalities that affect people throughout their life

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4
Q

Define mental health disorders

A

A clinically recognizable set of symptoms and behaviors which usually need treatment to be alleviated

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5
Q

Differentitate between the contemporary approaches to psychopathology

A 
labeling theory
Rosenhan study
Biopsychology and behaviour
Psychodynamic perspective
biolocial perspective
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6
Q

Outline the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Signal the presence of something not usually there - acute phase, hallucinations, physios

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7
Q

Outline the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Signal the absence of a function - lacking emotion, motivation, complex thought

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8
Q

Outline the key symptoms of some of the major psychopathological syndromes

A

ADHD

Schizophrenia

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9
Q

Define the labeling theory?

A

Argues that diagnoses of abnormality are labels for people considered deviant

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10
Q

What is the Rosenhan study?

A

Pseudo patients claimed to hear voices were admitted to psychiatric hospitals, no hospitals detected them as fakes

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11
Q

What is Biopsychology and behaviour?

A

Mental illness as disease and observation of individual behaviour

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12
Q

What is Psychoses?

A

Marked disturbances of contact with reality

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13
Q

What is the continumum of psychopathology?

A

Normal - personality disorder - psychotic

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14
Q

Describe the Psychodynamic perspective?

A

The Psychodynamic perspective recognises three classes of psychopathology

  1. Neuroses
    2: Psychoses
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15
Q

Define the cognitive in regards to cognitive-behaviour perspectice

A

Many pscyhological disorders reflect disfunctional attitudes, beliefs and cognitive processes

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16
Q

Define behavioural in regards to the cognitive-behavioural perspective

A

Many psychological problems arise from conditioned emotion responses ( a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a negative emotion)

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17
Q

What is the biolocial perspective on psychpathology?

A

The biological perspective seeks the roots of abnormal behaviour within the brain
- Neurtransmitter dysfunction

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18
Q

What is the systems perspective on psychpathology?

A

The system perspective seeks the root of abnormality in context of a social group ( and families)

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19
Q

What is the family systems model on psychopathology?

A

An individuals symptoms are viewed as a symptom of dysfunction family

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20
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective on psychopathology?

A

Provides insight into psychopathology rather than a comprehensive system of understanding and treatment

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21
Q

What is the biolocial perspective on psychpathology?

A

The biological perspective seeks the roots of abnormal behaviour within the brain
- Neurtransmitter dysfunction

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22
Q

What is a descriptive diagnosis?

A

The current diagnostic system assumes that we can distinguish normal from abnormal. Symptoms fall into discrete clusters or constellations called syndromes

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23
Q

Describe the DSC and what does it stand for?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the american psychiatric association publishes a manual that attempts to classify signs and symptoms into syndromes

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24
Q

Describe the DSM and what does it stand for?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the american psychiatric association publishes a manual that attempts to classify signs and symptoms into syndromes

25
Q

What is ADHD characterised by?

A

Inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity

26
Q

What is Schizophrenia characterised by?

A

It is un umbrella term for a number of psychotic disorders involving disturbances in:
Thought: illogical thought systems and delusions
Perception: presence of hallucinations
Language: word salad, disconnected ideas
Affect: Emotion (flat or absent)

27
Q

What are the biological basis of schizophrenia?

A

Diathesis-stress model: Develops in people with an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) that is compounded by stress
Dopamine hypothesis: reflects elevated levels of dopamine in brain

28
Q

Describe the environmental contributions to schizophrenia

A

Pattern of communication and expression o femtion
Experience of physical and/or sexual abuse as a child
Event in utero

29
Q

What is neural atrophy in schizophrenia?

A

Neuron loss in the brain result in a diminished volume of brain tissue. Enlarged ventricles are common in finding schizophrenia (emotional regulation

30
Q

Describe depressive disorders

A

Characterised by disturbance of emotion and mood, mania (an excessive degree of happiness) and depression.

31
Q

What is depressive disorder chacterised by?

A

Disturbance in emotion and mood.
Major depressive disorder: a long-term episode of intense sadness, loss of appetite and difficult in sleeping, or excessive
Persistent depressive disorder: a depression where symptoms are evident for longer periods (2 years)

32
Q

What is characterises Anxiety disorders?

A

People experience frequent intense and irrational anxiety.

33
Q

What are the theories of depression?

A 
Genetics
Neurochemically (lowered seratonin)
Negative life events
Dysfunctional thinking
Distress in interpersonal relationships
34
Q

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

A

Phobia: irrational fear of an object
Social phobia
Agoraphobia: A fear of being in public places
Panic disorders: Intense attacks of fear not justified by the situation

35
Q

What are recurrent anxiety disorders?

A

Obsessions: OCD
Compulsions: intentional behaviours performed in response to an obsessive

36
Q

Describe trauma and stressor-related disorders

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder: flashback of recurrent thought of a psychologically disturbing event

37
Q

Describe somatic symptoms and related disorders

A

Complaints of pain, suffering or illness accompanied by distress with no physical explanation
CONVERSION DISORDER: loss or significnat change in phsycial function
ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER (hypochondriac

38
Q

Descrive dissociative disorder

A

Individuals experience disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity, or perception .
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER: 2 distinct personalities within the same person

39
Q

Describe eating disorders

A

Anorexia Nervosa: exercising excessively, 15% below ideal body weight
Bulima Nervosa: eating and purging

40
Q

Describe Conduct disorder

A

Characterised by persistent violation of societal norms and rights of others

41
Q

Describe substance-related disorders

A

Characterized by the continued use of substances, primarily alcohol, nicotine, illicit drugs

42
Q

Describe alcoholism

A

Both genetics and environment play in the role of alcoholism, more likely to abuse more substances

43
Q

Describe personality disorder

A

Chronic and servere disturbances that inhibit an individuals capacity to love and work.
Borderline disorder: unstable personal relationships
Antisocial: Irresponsible and disruptive social behavior

44
Q

describe the key principles and techniques of psychodynamic therapies

A

Recognizes three classes of psychopathology which form into a continuum of functioning from minimal to serious disturbances -
Neuroses: issues in living that involve anxiety or interpersonal conflict
Personality disorder: chronic and severe disturbances that alter the capacity to work and love
Psychoses: marked distrubrance of contact with reality

45
Q

describe the key principles and techniques of cognitive-behavioural therapies

A

Integration of understanding of classical and operant conditioning with a cognitive-social perspective.
Cognitive: psychological disorder reflect dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and cognitive processes
Behavioural many psychological problems arise from conditioned emotional responses

46
Q

discuss the various biological treatments available for patients with severe mental illness

A 
Seeks to understand the roots of abnormal brehaviour within the brain.
Include: 
Pharmacotheraphy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Psychsurgery
47
Q

What is Clinical Psychologist?

A

Delivers psychological services with in a healthcare setting.

48
Q

What is the scientist-practitioner model?

A

Emphasizes that our work with clients should be underpinned by empirical research within our practices to advance scientific knowledge in the field

49
Q

How do you approach tx in the Psychodynamtic treatments?

A

Insight into the unconscious conflicts

Therapy requires an alliance between the patient and the therapist

50
Q

What are the Psychodynamic techniqes?

A

Free association: Pt is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, to reveal the unconscious processes of the pt.
Interpretation: Therapist must interpret the thoughts and feeling of pt in order to release the hidden conflicts Analysis of transference: Pt bring past into session and therefore transferred onto the therapist

51
Q

What are the forms of Psychodynamic therapy?

A

Psychoanalysis: Pt lies on couch and the therapist sits behind them
Psychodynamic psychotherapy: Pt sits face to face, more orientated in goal-directed

52
Q

What is Cognitive therapy?

A

Focus of cognitive therapies is on changing dysfunctional thought patterns (Beck theory)

53
Q

What is cognitive-behavioural therapies?

A

Usually completed from 10-20 sessions, focused on current behaviours of a person, associated stimuli. More directed than psychodynamic

54
Q

Define classical conditioning as apart of the cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

Techniques focus on associations formed between neutral stimuli and emotions

55
Q

Define response prevention in the Cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

Key feature of exposing techniques, prevent the individual from producing responses the allow avoidance of the fear stimuli

56
Q

Define flooding

A

Confront phobix stimulus all at once

57
Q

Define graded exposure

A

Modification to flooding where patient is gradually exposed to phobic stimulation

58
Q

Define Virtual Reality exposure

A

Pt is exposed to virtual images of the feared stimulus

59
Q

What are operant conditioning techniques used in cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

Is used to reinforce and punish unwanted behaviours.
Modelling
Skills training

PSY111 (4 decks)

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