Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Major depression has a lifetime prevalence of

Answer 1

10%

Question 2

Heritability of major depression is

Answer 2

moderate

Question 3

no genes on their own effect major depression, although multiple genes have been linked

Answer 3

true

Question 4

Serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT

Answer 4

regulates the ability of axons to reabsorb serotonin and recycle it.

Question 5

two short forms of 5-HTT + stress

Answer 5

higher probability of depression - not replicated

Question 6

long and short forms of 5-HTT + stress

Answer 6

moderate probability of depression - not replicated

Question 7

two long forms of 5-HTT + stress

Answer 7

lower probability of depression - not replicated

Question 8

postpartum affects 20% of women and is caused in part by

Answer 8

drops in estrogen and progesterone levels

Question 9

hemispheric asymmetry in brain activity affects depression

Answer 9

less activity in left hemisphere, more activity in right hemisphere

Question 10

Drugs used to treat depression

Answer 10

Tricyclics, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MOAIs), Atypical antidepressants

Question 11

Tricyclics

Answer 11

block transporter proteins that reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine - thus increasing effects of NTs. negative side effects because they also block histamine and acetylcholine receptors, some sodium channels.

Question 12

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 12

similar to tricyclics, but selective to serotonin. Increase effects of serotonin. milder side effects

Question 13

Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 13

inhibit enzyme MAO, which breaks down serotonin in the presynaptic terminal. More surviving serotonin for release.

Question 14

Wellbutrin

Answer 14

blocks reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, but not serotonin

Question 15

St. John’s wort

Answer 15

Not regulated by FDA, same effectiveness as standard antidepressants

Question 16

BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor)

Answer 16

People with major depression have lower levels of BDNF. smaller than average hippocampus, learning. Prolonged use of antidepressants increases BDNF production.

Question 17

Dysthymia

Answer 17

long-term, lifelong unhappy mood. drugs are more effective than psychotherapy.

Question 18

Antidepressants are not effective for

Answer 18

survivors of childhood neglect or abuse

Question 19

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 19

last resort or suicidal. electrically induced seizure, applied every other day for two weeks. Memory loss minimized if shock is applied to right hemisphere.

Question 20

Depressed person sleep

Answer 20

enter REM within 45 minutes. earlier onset.

Question 21

Unipolar disorder

Answer 21

Alternating states of normalilty and depression

Question 22

Bipolar disorder

Answer 22

Alternating states of mania and depression

Question 23

Bipolar I, Bipolar II

Answer 23

full blown mania, milder manic phases (hypomania)

Question 24

Lithium

Answer 24

medication for bipolar disorder - decreases glutamate receptors in the hippocampus, block synthesis of brain chemical arachidonic acid, produced during inflammation.

Question 25

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Answer 25

reach temperature peak later (delayed onset)

Question 26

Schizophrenia

Answer 26

deteriorating ability to function in everyday life for at least six months

Question 27

positive symptoms

Answer 27

behaviours that are present that should be absent. easier to treat

Question 28

negative symptoms

Answer 28

behaviours that are absent that should be present. harder to treat

Question 29

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 29

difficulty using and understanding abstract concepts - abnormal interactions between cortex, thalamus, cerebellum

Question 30

Schizophrenia stats

Answer 30

effects 1% of the population, 10 - 100 times more common in US and europe than developing countries, cities > rural areas, men : women = 7 : 5

Question 31

schizophrenia heritability

Answer 31

monozygotic > dyzygotic, dy > siblings - suggests possible prenatal environmental effect

Question 32

DISC1

Answer 32

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 - gene common in those with schizophrenia, controls the production of dendritic spines, generation of new neurons in the hippocampus.

Question 33

New gene mutations

Answer 33

microdeletions, microduplications

Question 34

Neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Answer 34

abnormalities in prenatal and neonatal development that produce mild abnormalities in brain development. Aggravated later in life by environmental symptoms.

Question 35

People with schizophrenia have minor brain abnormalities

Answer 35

larger than normal ventricals, smaller than normal thalamus. deficits in left temporal and frontal lobe. dorselateral prefrontal cortex matures slowly. smaller cell bodies. Less activity in left hemisphere.

Question 36

Two families of drugs used to treat schizophrenia

Answer 36

Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine), Buterophenones (Haldol). Both drugs block dopamine receptors.

Question 37

Dopamine Hypothesis in Schizophrenia

Answer 37

Twice as many D2 (dopamine) receptors occupied in those with schizophrenia. More dopamine activity at receptors, greater cognitive impairment.

Question 38

Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 38

Less glutamate release, fewer receptors in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. PCP inhibits glutamate receptors. Low dose - slurred speech, high dose positive and negative symptoms.

Question 39

Glycine increases effects of glutamate by…

Answer 39

binding to glutamate receptors and increasing surface area for glutamate to bind. Not antipsychotic, but increases effects of antipsychotic drugs.

Question 40

mesolimbocortical system

Answer 40

neurons that project from the midbrain to the limbic system.

Question 41

drugs block dopamine in the mesostriatal system, resulting in …

Answer 41

tardive dyskinesia, tremors and involuntary movements.