Learning, Memory, & Language

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

CS + UCS (UCR) = CS – UCR (CR)

Question 2

Instrumental (operant) Conditioning

Answer 2

Behaviour followed by reinforcement or punishment

Question 3

Reinforcement

Answer 3

Increases behaviour

Question 4

Punishment

Answer 4

Decreases behaviour

Question 5

+ reinforcement

Answer 5

adding something to increase behaviour

Question 6

• reinforcement

Answer 6

taking something away to increase behaviour

Question 7

+ punishment

Answer 7

adding something to decrease behaviour

Question 8

• punishment

Answer 8

taking something away to decrease behaviour

Question 9

Lashley’s Engrams

Answer 9

physical representations of learning in the brain structure

Question 10

Equipotentiality

Answer 10

Lashley’s idea that all areas of the cortex contrbute equally to learning and complex functioning behaviours

Question 11

Mass action

Answer 11

The cortex works as a whole - the more cortex, the better

Question 12

Thompson on Classical Conditioning

Answer 12

It occurs in the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) of the cerebellum, not the cortex

Question 13

Hebb

Answer 13

Short term and long term memory

Question 14

STM

Answer 14

7 +/- 2 - must be consolidated to get to LTM

Question 15

Baddeley & Hitch

Answer 15

Working memory - temporary storage

Question 16

Working memory happens in the

Answer 16

prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Case of H.M.

Answer 17

had hippocampus removed to prevent epilepsy. -Anterograde amnesia

Question 18

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

loss of ability to form new long-term memories

Question 19

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

loss of long-term memories from before surgery

Question 20

Declarative memory

Answer 20

Explicit. episodic, semantic

Question 21

Non-declarative memory

Answer 21

Implicit. Procedural, other

Question 22

Hippocampus is imperative for

Answer 22

declarative memory, esp. episodic, spatial, contextual

Question 23

Basal ganglia is imperative for

Answer 23

implicit learning

Question 24

Parkinson’s disease have difficulty with implicit memory because

Answer 24

they have damage to basal ganglia

Question 25

the weather task

Answer 25

three pictures, both implicit and declarative memory

Question 26

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 26

Accumulation and clumping of Amyloid beta protein, abnormal form of the tau protein.

Question 27

clumping of Amyloid beta protein

Answer 27

widespread atrophy of hippocampus, cerrebral cortex, other areas

Question 28

tau protein

Answer 28

part of intracellular support system of neurons

Question 29

Accumulation of amyloid beta and tau proteins causes

Answer 29

plaques (structures caused by degenerating neurons) and tangles (degenerating structures within neuronal bodies).

Question 30

Treatment for Alzheimer’s

Answer 30

Increase acetylcholine, therefore increasing arousal; cumin spice - inhibits deposits and phosphate attachment to tau

Question 31

Amygdala and learning

Answer 31

fear learning

Question 32

parietal lobe

Answer 32

piecing info together

Question 33

Anterior and interior region of temporal lobe

Answer 33

semantic memory

Question 34

productivity

Answer 34

the ability to improvise new combinations of signals to represent new ideas

Question 35

two theories of how language evolved in humans

Answer 35

1. language evolved as a by-product of overall brain development, 2. language evolved as a brain specialization

Question 36

Williams syndrome

Answer 36

impaired intelligence, strong language skills

Question 37

Language acquisition device

Answer 37

Chomsky - built in “something” that helps us learn language

Question 38

A mutation of FOXP2 gene can impair language development

Answer 38

it controls jaw and throat mechanisms

Question 39

Broca’s area

Answer 39

located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, near motor cortex

Question 40

Wernicke’s area

Answer 40

located near the auditory part of the left temporal cortex

Question 41

Broca’s (non-fluent) aphasia

Answer 41

difficulty with sentence structure, conjunctions; comprehension difficulty when sentence is complicated

Question 42

Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia

Answer 42

fluent speech, but with pauses to find the word. Impaired language comprehension - verbs, nouns

Question 43

Dyslexia

Answer 43

more likely to have bilateral symmetrical cerebral cortex less arousal in parietal and temporal cortex while reading

Question 44

Dyslexia and auditory problems

Answer 44

people with dyslexia focus on different aspects of sound, also do not shift their attention in the same way