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PSYC 1011 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are some early indications of antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • cruelty to animals
  • attacking or harming adults or other children
  • theft
  • setting fires and destroying property
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2
Q

Compare schizophrenia to Hollywood depictions

A

People with disordered are often depicted by media as dangerous, but often time they’re the victims of violence and usually debilitated by fear due to the disorder

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3
Q

What are the differences between positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms

A

Positive symptoms: thoughts and behaviors not seen in those without the disorder

Negative symptoms: deficits or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors

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4
Q

Compare the normal personality traits to those seen in personality disorders

A
  • Normal personality traits are more stable and consistent with slight fluctuations (have pattern)
  • Disordered personalities will be inconsistent, unpredictable, and have a maladaptive pattern. Often have issues with controlling impulses that cause distress.
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5
Q

What are some key characteristics of schizophrenia?

A
  • profound disruption of basic psychological processes
  • distorted perception of reality
  • altered or blunted emotion
  • disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
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6
Q

What are some key characteristics of dissociative amnesia?

A
  • partial or total inability to recall important information (personal info and events) that is not due to a medical condition
    (general knowledge and skills are maintained)
  • can be accompanied by dissociative fugue
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7
Q

Describe the medical model

A
  • abnormal psychological experiences and illnesses are similar to physical illnesses in the sense that they have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
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8
Q

What are some key characteristics of major depressive disorder?

A
  • severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more
  • feelings of wothlessness and lack of pleasure
  • lethargy
  • sleep and appetite disturbances
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9
Q

Describe the controversy behind dissociative identity disorder.

A
  • diagnosis was rare before the popularization of the disorder in media
  • the number of personalities people were said to have increased after popularization of the disorder
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10
Q

Describe a dissociative experience.

A

-frequent and extreme breaks or disruptions in consciousness during which awareness, memory, and personal identity become separated

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11
Q

What are some key characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

A
  • binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge excessive food to prevent weight gain
  • fear of gaining weight
  • stay within the normal weight range
  • usually recognize that they have an eating disorder
  • binges usually occur 2x a week
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12
Q

What are antisocial personality disorders?

A

Pervasive patterns of disregard for a violation of the rights of others
- appearance of lack of conscience

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13
Q

Name some negative schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • emotional and social withdrawal
  • apathy
  • poverty of speech
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14
Q

What are some impacts of borderline personality disorder on one’s life?

A
  • relationships are chaotic
  • comorbid with depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
  • destructive and impulsive behavior
  • threats of suicide
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15
Q

Describe the diathesis-stress model

A

*mental illness becomes expressed when predisposition and stress interact

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16
Q

What are some factors that may play a role in the development of dissociative identity disorder?

A

(no clear answer)
Dissociative coping theory
- extreme form of dissociative coping
- Many (90%) DID patients have reported sexual and/or physical abuse
- as a child they learned to dissociate from traumatic experiences

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17
Q

What are phobic disorders? what are some key characteristics?

A

anxiety disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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18
Q

What are the key characteristics of PTSD?

A
  • chronic physiological arousal
  • recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of trauma
  • avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
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19
Q

What are the ways learning is generally involved in the development of anxiety disorders?

A

Classical conditioning - some stimuli associated with negative stimuli can create conditioned fear
Operant conditioning - avoidance of fear becomes a negative reinforcer for continued and pronounced fear response
Observational learning - seeing how others are great teaches us how to act
Biological - some things might be biologically useful to be afraid of

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20
Q

Contrast hallucinations and delusions (schizophrenia)

A

Delusion - a false belief that persists despite compelling contradictory evidence

Hallucination - a false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it

(false thoughts vs false perception)

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21
Q

What are persistent depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder?

A

Persistent depressive disorder
- depressive problems are less severe but longer lasting (2 years or more)

Seasonal affective disorder
- depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern (usually through fall and winter)

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22
Q

What are the values and concerns of using the medical model for psychological disorders?

A

Concerns:
- is it appropriate to describe someone out of the norm as having a medical condition?
- without clear biological causes, the medical model might not be appropriate
- the medical model may limit our ability to help people (if they aren’t affected according to set symptoms, they might not be able to get help)

Values:
- helps structure steps for diagnosis and treatment
- labels help some feel more in control
- changes the perspective of people with mental disorders as flaws and helps think of them as someone with a treatable condition

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23
Q

What are some possible factors that cause mood disorders?

A
  • genetic factors
  • biochemical factors
  • stressful life events
24
Q

What is a disease?

A

a pathological process affecting the body

25
Q

Define personality

A

consistent enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterizes someone as an individual

26
Q

Contrast OCD and the common use of OCD (the actual disorder vs the social context)

A
  • the colloquial use of OCD refers to someone who is particular or a perfectionist while the disorder is something that significantly interferes with someone’s functioning
27
Q

Distinguish between sociopaths and psychopaths.

A

Sociopaths (APD Classic)
- hot and volatile
- have sense of morality (which differs significantly from their community’s)

Psychopaths
- cold and callous
- no sense of morality
- non-normal emotional responses

28
Q

What are some key characteristics of bipolar disorder?

A

characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

29
Q

What are some factors which may play a role in the development of OCD?

A

Biological factors
- deficiency in serotonin

Dysfunction in specific brain areas
- areas involved in fight-or-flight response
- fontal lobes (play a key role in the ability to think and plan ahead
- heightened neural activity in caudate nucleus (involved in regulating movements)

30
Q

What is a panic disorder? What are some key characteristics?

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

31
Q

What is dissociative fugue?

A

suddenly traveling or wandering away from home without memory of how or why they got there
- ex: wandering to other cities or countries

32
Q

What are some key characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

A
  • instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity
  • intense, fluctuating, and extreme mood/ emotions (often vastly out of proportion
  • inappropriate and often uncontrollable episodes of anger
33
Q

What are some key characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A

excessive weight loss, irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception
- refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
- intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
- distorted perception about body size
- denial of seriousness of weight loss

34
Q

What are some key characteristics of mood disorders?

A

mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature

35
Q

What are the key characteristics of OCD?

A
  • Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions)
  • ritualistic behaviors (compulsions)
36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a disorder?

A

signs: objectively observed indicators of a disorder
symptoms: subjectively reported behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

37
Q

What are some factors that may play a factor in the development of borderline personality disorder?

A
  • it’s very complicated

Early Theories (role of early attachment)
- neglect
- physical, sexual, or emotional abuse

Biosocial development theory
- biological temperament characterized by extreme emotional sensitivity, impulsivity, and tendency to experience negative emotions
- caregivers fail to teach control or regulation of impulses/ emotions
- caregiver reactions reinforce intense emotional displays
-

38
Q

What are some key characteristics of personality disorders?

A
  • inflexible patterns of maladaptive thinking, feeling, or relating to other controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
39
Q

What are some flaws in the theory that explains DID?

A
  • it’s untestable
  • PTSD memories are usually difficult to forget/ ignore, so how can people simply dissociate from them
40
Q

What are some key characteristics of dissociative disorders?

A

disruptions in awareness, memory, and identity which interfere with the ability to function in everyday life

41
Q

What are some key characteristics of binge eating disorder?

A
  • engage in binges without the attempt to purge excess food
  • experience distress, lack of control, and shame (similar to people with bulimia)
42
Q

What is GAD and what are some key characteristics?

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety
- restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
- sources of worry are quickly replaced when removed

43
Q

What are some factors that may play a role in the development of eating disorders?

A

Family influence
- family interaction patterns
- critical comments by parents
- parental modeling of disordered eating

Psychological influences
- perfectionism in childhood
- negative self-beliefs
- comorbidity with other disorders

Cultural attitudes
- rates of eating disorders shifts with cultural attitudes about food, body image, etc.

44
Q

What are some key characteristics of dissociative identity disorder?

A
  • extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities (egos embody different aspects of the individual and are unable to merge)
45
Q

Describe the biopsychosocial perspective

A

mental disorders result from interactions of different factors (biological, psychological, or social)

  • different individuals may experience a similar disorder for different reasons
46
Q

What are some factors that may play a role in the development of schizophrenia?

A

Genetic Factors
- the disorder tends to cluster in some families
- twin studies have shown the closer they are to someone with the disorder, the more likely they are to be diagnosed
- adptions studies have shown that if either biological parent of a child had schizophrenia, the child is more likely to develop the disorder

Immune System
- possible caused by exposure to an influenza virus or other infection shortly after birth

Abnormal Brain Structures
- loss of gray matter tissue
- lower levels of connectivity b/ween regions in temporal lobe and part of brain responsible for hearing, language, and processing images

Abnormal Brain Chemistry

Psychological Factors (unhealthy families)

47
Q

What are some factors that might play a role in the development of panic disorders?

A

Triple vulnerabilities model of panic (Barlow)
- biological: biological predisposition towards anxiety
- environmental/psychological: low sense of control over potentially life-threatening events
- psychological: oversensitivity to physical sensations

Catastrophic cognitions theory (Hinton & others)
- psychological/ biological: oversensitivity to physical sensations
- (psychological): tendency to catastrophize the meaning of their experience

Classical Conditioning
- panic attacks can become paired with neutral stimulus
- neutral stimulus can become conditioned to create fear

48
Q

What are the differences between Hollywood depictions of dissociative identity disorder and the actual disorder?

A
  • Hollywood portrays the disorder as a personality disorder where one a “good” personality and a “flawed” personality
  • in reality, the disorder more of a memory disorder where different parts of one’s identity are portrayed and there are memory and consciousness gaps b/ween the expression of each part of the personality
49
Q

What are some factors which may play a role in the development of PTSD?

A
  • Exposure to traumatic events
50
Q

Describe the relationship between obsessions and compulsions in OCD

A

Obsessions cause anxiety and compulsions are performed to fend off the thoughts and relieve the anxiety

51
Q

What is catatonic schizophrenia?

A

striking motor behavior, usually involves significant reductions in voluntary movement or hyperactivity and agitation

  • individuals often hold unusual positions and keep them for hours (some unable to be moved, some able to be moved)
52
Q

What are some factors that might play a role in the development of GAD?

A

biological - predisposition for high anxiety
psychological - early temperament
environmental - stressful experiences, problematic relationships

53
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

*frequent mood swings for two years or longer (mood swings are not severe enough to qualify as either bipolar disorder or depressive disorder

54
Q

Name some positive schizophrenia symptoms.

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • disorganized speech
  • grossly disorganized behavior
  • catatonic behavior
55
Q

What is a disorder?

A

persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant distress or impairment

PSYC 1011 (9 decks)

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