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PSYC 1011 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What are some specific types of learning?

A

Conditioning, observational learning, explicit and implicit learning, more

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2
Q

Which form of learning is one of the best forms of learning?

A

Conditioning

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3
Q

What is conditioning learning? What are the 2 types?

A
  • A type of learning which offices through forming associative relationships b/ween behavior and or stimuli
  • classical and operant
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4
Q

What did Pavlov study? What did he measure? What were his findings? What conclusion were made from his study?

A
  • measured dog salivary response depending on the type of food
  • found dogs salivate before food was ever presented
  • classical conditioning was responsible for this response
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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus? Give an example.

A

Some stimulus that elicits a natural response (ex: food)`

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6
Q

What is an unconditioned response? Give an example.

A

The reflexive response to the unconditioned response (ex: salivation)

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7
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

Some stimulus that’s unrelated to the unconditioned response

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8
Q

What is acquisition? What does it form?

A
  • a phase of presenting the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
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9
Q

What is conditioned stimulus? Give an example.

A

Previously neutral stimulus which now produces the previously unconditioned neutral response (ex: metro email ticking)

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10
Q

What is a conditioned response? Give an example.

A

Previously neutral response to unconditioned stimulus. Now elicited by the conditioned stimulus (ex: drooling)

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11
Q

What is generalization?

A

When conditioned responses are given to similar stimuli as the conditioned stimuli

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12
Q

What is discrimination in conditioning? Give an example.

A

The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli
(ex: not salivating with whistle or metronome

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13
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

Learning where a new conditioned stimuli is paired with a learned conditioned stimuli

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14
Q

What did Watson study? How did he study this? What did he find?

A
  • wanted to demonstrate that complex reaction can be conditioned, anxiety and fear could be conditioned, humans can be classically conditioned
  • he second-order conditioning (striking a gong and displaying a mouse) to condition a baby to fear mice
  • he showed emotional responses can be conditioned and generalized to other white, fluffy things
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15
Q

What is conditional extinction? How quickly does it happen?

A
  • the process of unlearning a conditioned association
  • occurs abruptly
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16
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Recovery from extinction after break period

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17
Q

What does the Rescorla-Wagner Model state?

A
  • Learning depends on strength and reliability of stimuli ?(US and CS)
  • learning involved cognitive components (actively processing information about reliability)
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18
Q

What can help explain high overdose rates in unfamiliar settings?

A
  • the body’s physiological responses to expectations from CS
  • in expectation of drug use, the body adapts for drugs effects
  • Ex: increased breathing for heroin users; CS = environment, CR = physiological adaptation
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19
Q

What does “classical conditioning is reactive” mean? Give example.

A

Conditioned behaviors are reflexive or involuntary (ex: drooling or fear)

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20
Q

What is operant behavior?

A

Behaviors that organisms perform which impact their environment (things we actively do in an attempt to influence the world)

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21
Q

Explain Thorndike’s study and the law of effect.

A

learning principle in which responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened (more likely to occur again), but responses followed by dissatisfying effects are weakened (less likely to occur again).

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning process involving changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response

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23
Q

What is reinforcement in conditioning

A

the occurrence of a stimulus or an event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated

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24
Q

What did BF Skinner argue about behavior?

A

That all behavior can be explained through conditioning

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25
Q

What is stimulus control?

A

The probability of operant behavior is determined by the presence/ absence of a discriminative stimulus

26
Q

What is discriminative stimulus? Give examples.

A

Stimulus which indicates whether a behavior will lead to a specific outcome (ex: social setting, environmental setting, specific stimuli)

27
Q

What are the types of reinforcing stimulus?

A

Primary reinforcers, conditioned/ secondary reinforcers, aversive stimulus

28
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

A reinforce that satisfies biological needs and desires

29
Q

What is a conditioned/ secondary reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer which is effective through associations with primary reinforcers

30
Q

What is aversive stimulus?

A

Stimulus that evokes physical or psychological discomfort which an organism seeks to avoid or escape

31
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement where response is followed by addition of reinforcing stimulus which increases the probability that the response will be repeated in similar stimulus

32
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement where a response is followed by the removal of averse stimulus which increased the probability that the response will be repeated in similar stimulus

33
Q

Does punishment increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur?

A

Decrease

34
Q

What is positive punishment? Give an example.

A

A situation where operant behavior is followed by the presentation of an an aversive stimulus (ex: extra chores for getting bad grades)

35
Q

What is negative punishment? Give an example.

A

A situation where operant behavior is followed by the removal or subtraction of reinforcing stimulus (ex: team placed under curfew for violating team policies)

36
Q

When talking about reinforcement and punishment, what does negative or positive mean when describing the different types?

A

Positive = consequences is something added
Negative = consequence is something removed

37
Q

Does behavior sometimes depend on context? Give an example.

A

Yes, think about discriminant stimulus (telling a dirty joke with friends vs with family)

38
Q

Does the time between behavior and consequence matter? Give an example.

A

Yes, longer time between behavior and consequence reduces learning
(Ex: if a dog poops on floor while owner is away, they wont learn to not do it because they’re punished much later)

39
Q

What is shaping?

A

The process of learning from reinforcement of successive steps to a desired outcome

40
Q

Is reinforcement or punishment generally more effective?

A

Reinforcement b/c it identifies the desired behavior and behaviors return when punishment consequences are removed

41
Q

What are reinforcement schedules? What are the different kinds?

A
  • How reinforcements are administered through time
  • ratio, interval, fixed, and variable
42
Q

What are ratio reinforcement schedules? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement is based on time since number of responses since last reinforcement (ex: reward every 5 lever presses)

43
Q

What are interval reinforcement schedules? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement based one time since last reinforcement
(Ex: reward when behavior occurs again after 2 minutes have passed since last reward)

44
Q

What are fixed reinforcement schedules? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement based on a set value since last reinforcement
(Ex: reinforcement every 5 lever presses or the first lever press after 2 minutes)

45
Q

What are variable reinforcement schedules? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement based on an average frequency since last reinforcement
(Ex: reinforcement on a average every 5 lever presses or on average after 2 minutes since last reinforcement

46
Q

What is a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement that occurs at set time points
(Ex: reinforcement every 2 minutes once behavior occurs again)

47
Q

What is a variable-interval reinforcement schedule? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement occurs an average time since last reinforcement
(Ex: reinforcement on average every 2 minutes once behavior occurs again)

48
Q

What is a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement based on number of responses since last reinforcer
(Ex: reinforcement every 5 lever presses)

49
Q

What is a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule? Give an example.

A

Reinforcement occurs an average number of times with number responses
(Ex: reinforcement on average once every 5 presses)

50
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement? What does it lead to?

A
  • reinforcement where only some responses are followed by reinforcement
  • leads to more resistant learning compared to continuous reinforcement
51
Q

What is the intermittent reinforcement effect?

A
  • operant behaviors maintained by intermittent reinforcement are more robust to extinction
52
Q

What is latent learning?

A
  • the process of learning something without behavioral change until later
53
Q

Describe the example of latent learning with rats.

A
  • rats are allowed to explainer a maze
  • they’re split into 3 groups: those presented a treat at the end of the maze, those never reinforced with a teat, those who got a treat at the end of the maze after day 11
  • last group showed obvious knowledge of the maze once reinforced
54
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

A mental representation of a spatial environment

55
Q

What us observational learning?

A

Learning which occurs through watching the actions of others

56
Q

What did Bandura demonstrate through his work?

A

Actual learning occurs when watching others

57
Q

Explain the Bobo doll studies.

A
  • adults modeled behaviors
  • children who watched acted similarly and imitates novel behaviors
  • they learned from consequences (they were lesson likely to perform behaviors when they saw the adults punished
58
Q

What are the requirements for imitation?

A
  • attention (must attend to other behaviors)
  • remember (must be able to remember the specific behaviors
  • reproducible (able to transfer the behavior into something they can do
  • motivation (must be motivated to imitate some behavior
59
Q

What are some mechanisms of observational learning?

A
  • cognitive components (social interpretations and expectation of reinforcement)
  • mirror neurons (cells become activated both when organisms perform a motor action and when observing that action
60
Q

Give/ explain an example of community learning among animals.

A
  • a community of monkeys were fed different colored corn (one of which was flavored to be bitter)
  • the community developed a preference for a specific color of corn
  • even after corn was no longer flavored, there was still a preference for the better tasting corn
61
Q

What is diffusion chain? Give an example.

A

When individuals who learned from modeled behavior become models for others
(Learning social rules through a culture)

PSYC 1011 (9 decks)

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