psychological development Flashcards
What was Erikson’s epigenetic theory of development
- step by step growth
- critical time periods
- importance of psychosocial “crisis” as a driving force
what are the 8 stages of Erikson’s epigenetic theory
infancy toddler play age school age-middle childhood adolescence young adult middle adulthood old age
what is the developmental task for infancy and toddler stages in Erikson’s theory
infancy - trust vs mistrust
toddler - autonomy vs shame, doubt
what is the developmental task for play age and school-age stages in Erikson’s theory
- play age - initiative vs guilt
- school age-middle childhood - industry vs inferiority
what is the development task for adolescence and young adult stages in Erikson’s theory
adolescence - indentity vs identity confusion
young adult - intimacy vs isolation
what is the development task for middle adulthood and old age stages in Erikson’s theory
middle adulthood - generativity vs stagnation
old age - ego integrity vs despair
what is the definition of a developmental task
one which arises at or about a certain period in the life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual… and difficult with later tasks
what is a developmental trajectory
the continuation of a direction, the sum of the forces that propel us towards a destination
what is a developmental turning point
a disruption to a trajectory that has the long-term impact of altering the probability of life destinations
what is the transactional model for development
states that development takes place through transacting factors
- genetic
- constitutional
- biological
- psychological
- environmental
and these multiple factors operate together dynamically and bi-directionally
what is multifinality and equifinality
multifinality - one risk factor can be associated with a number of different outcomes
equifinality - multiple possible pathways to the same outcome
what is temperament
the automatic associative responses to basic emotional stimuli that determine habits and skills
what are the four dimensions of temperament
- harm avoidance
- reward dependence
- novelty seeking
- persistence
what is resilience
dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity
what are the two ways older people have resilience
assimilation (adjusting the environment to fit with changes)
accomodation (adjusting self and attitudes)
What is involved in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
learning about the world through sensory exploration
what is involved in Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive impairment
representing the world through language, symbols, internal representation of the world
what is involved in Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development
logical reasoning about concrete events/ideas/stimuli
what is involved in Piaget’s formal operational stage of cognitive development
abstract and hypothetic reasoning
when dealing with infants or toddlers regarding healthcare, bear in mind that…
- they will struggle with logical explanations
- they focus on the here and now
- they have a limited understanding of illness
- early experiences influence subsequent coping
- nonverbal communication is important
what do we have to remember about the cognitive behaviour of preschoolers
- thinking is relatively literal and egocentric
- take the literal interpretation of things
- will struggle with analogies
- they like to have choices
- illness understood as contagion
- magical thinking is common
what are the 3 classes of Havinghurst’s tasks of development
physical maturation
personal values
the pressures of society
what is “emerging adulthodd”
a new developmental stage between adolescene and adulthood with distinct characteristics which is culturally constructed (18-25)
what are the five things that make up a personality according to the five-factor model of personality
- neuroticism
- openness to new experiences
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
ageing affects which 3 major domains
- physical
- intellectual/cognitive
- view of self/personality
5 components of wisdom
rich factual knowledge rich procedural knowledge lifespan contextualism relativity knowledge about uncertainty
what are the 3 models of ageing
- lifespan maturation
- selective optimisation and compensation
- successful ageing
