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Z MD1 neurology > neuro anatomy > Flashcards

neuro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what separates the external and internal tables of contact bone that make up the cranium

A

spongy bone = diploe

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2
Q

what is a suture?

A

immobile joints of the cranium

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3
Q

where is the coronal suture

A

marks where the frontal bones (anteriorly) articulate with the parietal bones (posteriorly)

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4
Q

where is the saggital suture

A

between the right and left parietal bones

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5
Q

where is the lamboid suture

A

between the occipital bone (posteriorly) and the parietal bones (anteriorly)

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6
Q

in what plane is the lambdoid suture

A

coronal plane

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7
Q

what is the pterion?

A

the H shaped suture formation representing the immobile joint between the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone and the sphenoid bone

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8
Q

what runs in the groove of the pterion

A

the middle meningial artery

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9
Q

explain the 2 parts of the frontal bone

A

has a vertical part and a horizontal part (forms the roofs of the orbits)

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10
Q

what is the line of demarcation between the vertical and horizontal parts of the frontal bone

A

the supraorbital margins

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11
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bones

A

squamous part of the temporal bone and its projections: - zygomatic process (anteriorly) - mastoid process (posteriorly) - styloid process (inferiorly) - petrous part

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12
Q

explain the squamous part of the temporal bone

A

it is the part of the temporal bone that is flat and moulded to the contour of the brain

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13
Q

what does the styloid process of the temporal bone give rise to

A

structures associated with the oral cavity and the pharynx

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14
Q

shape of the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

wedge shaped

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15
Q

shape of the sphenoid bone

A

bat with outstretched wings and legs that hang down

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16
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit in the skull

A

in the depression of the body of the sphenoid bone = sella tucica

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17
Q

what divides the wings of the sphenoid bone into lesser and greater parts

A

the superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

where is the ethmoid bone?

A

sits between your eyes

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19
Q

what is the crista galli

A

the little protrusion of the ethmoid bone that jutts up between the cribiform plate

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20
Q

what is the cribiform plate

A

part of the ethmoid bone with lots of little holes in it (pathway for olfactory neurons)

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21
Q

what are the 3 cranial fossa

A

anterior middle posterior

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22
Q

fossa of the anterior cranial fossa

A

cribiform plate

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23
Q

fossa of the middle cranial fossa

A
  • hypophysial - optic canal - superior orbital fissure - foramen rotundum - foramen ovale - foramen spinosum
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24
Q

fossa of the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • internal acoustic meatus - jugular foramen - hypoglossal canal - foramen magnum
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25
Q

what forms the anterior cranial fossa

A

the horizontal plates of the frontal bone with the intervening cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and the lesser wings of sphenoid

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26
Q

what forms the middle cranial fossa

A

formed by the body and the greater wings of sphenoid anteriorly, and the petrous part of the temporal bone

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27
Q

the superior orbital fissure allows direct communication between…

A

the cranial cavity and the orbit

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28
Q

what are the fissures that lie along the arch made in the middle cranial fossa

A

superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum

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29
Q

which foramen is covered by a membrane (closed off)

A

foramen lacerum

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30
Q

where is the optic canal

A

between the body of the sphenoid and the lesser wing

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31
Q

what is the arrangement of foramina in the posterior cranial fossa

A

vertical line of 3 foramina along with the foramen magnum

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32
Q

3 foramina that lie in a vertical line in the posterior cranial fossa and where are they

A
  • internal auditory meatus - hole in the petrous part of the temporal bone - jugular foramen - hole between petrous part of the temporal bone and the occipital bone - hypoglossal canal - in the occipital bone itself
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33
Q

3 layers of meninges from outside to inside

A

dura mata arachnoid pia mata

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34
Q

what is the extradural/epidural space

A

the potential space between the dura and the skull

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35
Q

what is the subdural space

A

the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid

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36
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

the actual space between the arachnoid and the pia - occupied by CSF

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37
Q

what are layers of tissue and spaces from outside to inside

A

scalp, skull, potential extradural space, dura mata, potential subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia, brain tissue

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38
Q

what are the 4 dural projections into the cranial cavity

A

falx cerebri falx cerebelli tenorium cerebelli diaphragma sellae

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39
Q

what is the function of the dural projections into the cranial cavity

A

to prevent or restrict rotatory displacement of the brain in response to a blow to the skull

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40
Q

where is the falx cerebri and what are its attachments

A

the fold of dura that lies between the 2 cerebral hemispheres - attaches to the crista galli anteriorly and to the occipital protrubrence posteriorly - runs along the saggital suture

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41
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli and what are its attachments

A

roofing over the posterior cranial fossa separating the cerebral hemispheres above from the cerebellum below - attaches to the posterior cranial fossa posteriorly

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42
Q

where is the falx cerebelli

A

between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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43
Q

where is the diaphragma sellae

A

rooves the pit in the body of the sphenoid bone

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44
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses

A

endothelial lined spaces that exist between the outer layer of the dur and the inner layer of the dura where there are collections of venous blood

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45
Q

from which veins do the dural venous sinuses receive blood from

A

the cerebral veins the diploic veins (drains the layer of spongy bone of the skull the emissary veins (connecting with the external structures of the head)

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46
Q

why is it easy to get meningitis from a scalp wound

A

because the venous sinuses receive drainage from the emissary veins from the external superficial surface of the head, and therefore if the scalp wound is infected, it is easy for the infection to drain to the sinuses and then infect the meninges

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47
Q

where is the superior sagittal sinus

A

at the top of the falx cerebri

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48
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus

A

at the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

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49
Q

where is the straight sinus

A

where the inferior sagittal meets the great cerebral vein of Galen - runs along the roof of the tentorium towards the occipital protrubrence

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50
Q

where is the confluence of sinuses

A

where the straight sinus meets the superior saggital sinus

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51
Q

where are the transverse sinuses

A

the run along the L and R roots of the tentorium cereblli

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52
Q

where is the sigmoid sinus

A

the transverse sinus gets to the petrous part of the temporal bone –> they leave the tentorium and snakes down to the jugular foramen to associate with the internal jugular vein

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53
Q

what are the 8 venous sinuses of the brain

A

superior sagittal inferior sagittal straight transverse sinuses sigmoid sinuses superior petrosal sinus inferior petrosal sinus cavernus sinus

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54
Q

where is the cavernus sinus

A

associated with the dura that lines either side of the body of the sphenoid

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55
Q

what is the importance of the cavernus sinus

A

important structures run through this sinus to access their foramina to exit the skull

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56
Q

the MMA is a branch of the…

A

maxillary artery

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57
Q

which foramina does the MMA enter the skull through

A

the foramen spinosum –> middle cranial fossa

58
Q

what happens to the MMA once it has entered the skull

A

it splits into an anterior and posterior division and then both groove the internal aspect of the terion

59
Q

in which layer of the head does the MMA run through

A

the extradural space

60
Q

why is a tear of the MMA a medical emergency

A

because blood accumulates in the extradural space (space does not give) –> IC pressure rises as it is an artery –> brain is squished –> brainstem pushed through the foramen magnum –> cardiorespiratory arrest

61
Q

why is a tear of the cerebral veins entering the superior sagittal sinus not as big of an emergency as tearing the MMA

A

because the collection of blood will be slower (venous)

62
Q

what are the spinal roots of the upper limb dermatomes?

A

C4-T1 (same as brachial plexus)

63
Q

what are the spinal roots for the lower limb dermatomes?

A

L2-S2 (nerve roots for the femoral and sciatic nerves)

64
Q

what are the 3 key landmark dermatomes?

A

C7 = middle finger T10 = umbilicus L5 = big toe

65
Q

Shoulder: myotomes involved in flexion and extension

A

F = C5 E = C6-7

66
Q

Elbow: myotomes involved in flexion and extension

A

F = C5-6 (5,6 pick up sticks) E = C7-8 (7,8 lay them straight)

67
Q

Wrist: myotomes involved in flexion and extension, and supination and pronation

A

F = C6-7 E = C6-7 S = C6 P = C7-8 (pronate, 7, 8)

68
Q

Digits: myotomes involved in flexion and extension, and abduction

A

F = C7-8 E = C7-8 Abduction = T1 (C8)

69
Q

Hip: myotomes involved in flexion and extension

A

F = L2-3 E = L4-5

70
Q

Knee: myotomes involved in flexion and extension

A

F = L5 and S1 E = L3-4 (kick the door)

71
Q

Ankle: myotomes involved in flexion and extension, and inversion and eversion

A

F = L4-5 E = S1-2 (buckle your shoe) I = L4-5 E = L5, S1

72
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle located

A

inbetween the right and left thalamus

73
Q

how is the 3rd ventricle connected to the lateral ventricles

A

by the interventricular foramen (above the anterior thalamus)

74
Q

how is the 3rd ventricle connected to the 4th ventricle?

A

cereberal aqueduct caudally (in between cerebellum and pons/medulla) - connects to 4th ventricle

75
Q

what is the order of CSF flow through the ventricles

A

lateral -> 3rd ventricle -> 4th

76
Q

what is the septum pellucidum

A

the thin band of tissue that separates the R and L lateral ventricles

77
Q

what is the importance of the calcarine sulcus and where is it

A

in extends back to the occipital pole - landmark for primary visual cortex

78
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

79
Q

what are the landmarks for the hypothalamus

A

the mamillary bodies optic chiasm marks the anterior limit

80
Q

what are the 5 layers of the scalp

A

S - skin C - connective tissue A - aponeuroses L - loose CT P - periosteum

81
Q

where does the scalp extend to/from

A

from the external occipital protrubrence behind right over the head to the supraorbital margins anteriorly

82
Q

what is the aponeuroses of the scalp

A

the aponeuroses of the occipital frontalis muscle

83
Q

what does the aponeuroses of the scalp allow you to do

A

move the forehead muscles –> wrinkles

84
Q

what does the loose CT layer of the scalp allow you to do

A

allows the first 3 layers of the scalp to move over the pericranium which is fused to the skull

85
Q

what is the significance of the CT layer of the scalp

A

has very rich anastomoses between the branches of the internal and external carotid arteries

86
Q

what are the 3 reasons why a scalp lacerations cause profuse bleeding?

A

1) rich anastomoses between internal and external carotid arteries in the CT layer of the scalp 2) if the aponeuroses is severed - the occipitalis and the frontalis bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle will make the wound gape open 3) fibrous septa of the CT layer prevent vasoconstriction of the blood vessels required for clotting

87
Q

where do the muscles of facial expression arise from and attach to

A

arise from the bone/fascia attach to the skin of the face

88
Q

where are the muscles of facial expression

A

surround the orifices of the face (eyes, nose, mouth)

89
Q

what are the two sets of muscles of facial expression

A

sphincters - orbicularis dilators - depressors/dilators/levators

90
Q

what is the developmental origin of the muscles of facial expression

A

arise from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

91
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression

A

cranial nerve 7 - facial nerve

92
Q

what are the nerves that supply the anterior and posterior sections of skin on the face

A

anterior - via cranial nerve 5 (trigeminal nerve) posterior - via dorsal rami of C2 and C3 - spinal nerves

93
Q

what landmark demarcates the anterior and posterior skin of the face

A

the ears

94
Q

what are the divisions of the anterior sensory innervation of the skin

A

trigeminal nerve branches and gives innervation to the: opthalmic division (V1) maxillary division (V2) mandibular division (V3)

95
Q

what are the foramina associated with the divisions of the trigeminal nerve (supply the skin on the anterior face)

A

V1 - othalmic - superior orbital fissure V2 - maxillary - foramen rotundum V3 - mandibular - foramen ovale

96
Q

2 major branches of the internal carotid artery supplying the face

A

supraorbital branches supratrochlear branches

97
Q

4 branches of the external carotid artery supplying the face

A
  • facial artery - superficial temporal artery - posterior auricular artery - occipital artery
98
Q

what is the course of the facial artery (from the external carotid)

A

tortuous course over the face to the medial angle of the eye giving branches to the nose, cheeks and lips medially and laterally

99
Q

course of the superficial temporal artery (branch of external carotid)

A

passes up to the side of the scalp on the lateral side

100
Q

what are the 6 lymph nodes associated with the face

A

submental nodes submandibular nodes mastoid nodes occipital nodes pre-auricular nodes parotide nodes

101
Q

where do the 6 lymph nodes of the face drain to

A

the deep cervical nodes

102
Q

where is the parotid gland

A
  • below the zygomatic process of the temporal bone - infront of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and ear - above the angle of the mandible - behind the masseter muscle - superficial to the styloid process of the temporal bone
103
Q

why is mumps so painful

A

because the parotid gland gets swelled up - and because of the dense fibrous envelope of fascia surrounding it - not stretch - pressure =pain

104
Q

how does saliva get to the mouth from the parotid gland and what is its course

A

through the parotid duct - emerges from the anterior border of the gland onto masseter, where in then turns inwards at the anterior edge to pierce buccinator and enter the oral cavity near the 2nd upper molar

105
Q

what are the major structures within the parotid gland from superficial to deep

A
  • cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) (motor supply of muscles of facial expression) - retromandibular vein - external carotid artery scattered throughout - parotid lymph nodes
106
Q

how does the facial nerve exit the skull

A

goes through internal auditory meatus –> course through the temporal bone –> through the stylomastoid foramen onto the back of the parotid gland

107
Q

course of the facial nerve

A
  • posteriorly - auricular branch –> goes back to supply the occipitalis belly of occipitofrontalis - enters the substance of the parotid gland creating a plexiform arrangement = pes anserinus - gives of terminal branches
108
Q

what are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve

A

temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical (Tall Zulus Bear Many Children)

109
Q

how is the retromandibular vein formed

A

by the superficial temporal vein and the maxillary veins

110
Q

within the structure of the parotid gland… what branches are given off by the external carotid artery

A

maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

111
Q

which part of the ventricular system does not contain choroid plexus

A

cerebral aqueduct

112
Q

what type of haemorrhage can cause thunderclap headache?

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

113
Q

what percentage of cardiac output goes to the brain

A

10-20%

114
Q

what is the advantage of the circle of willis

A

it anastomoses - therefore gives some leverage for continued perfusion of the brain if there is a blockage

115
Q

what are the major arteries that come to supply the circle of willis and where do they branch from

A

internal carotid (branch of common carotid) vertebral artery (branch of subclavian)

116
Q

where do the internal carotid and vertebral arteries enter the CNS

A

internal carotid - through carotid canal vertebral artery - through transverse foramina and through foramen magnum

117
Q

where is the basilar artery

A

formed at the posterior end of the circle of Willis by the joining of the two vertebral arteries

118
Q

what are the main branches of the circle of willis and what do they branch from

A

anterior cerebral artery - from internal carotid middle cerebral artery - from internal carotid posterior cerebral artery - form basilar artery

119
Q

where are the anterior communicating arteries and the posterior communicating arteries

A

anterior - between the 2 anterior cerebral artery posterior - between the internal carotid and the posterior cerebral artery

120
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

medial part of the frontal and parietal lobes

121
Q

describe the course of the anterior cerebral artery

A

branches off the internal carotid just lateral to the optic chiasm and then projects medially into the longitudinal fissure and then hooks over the genu of the corpus callosum and then goes backwards over the top of it

122
Q

what would result as a stroke of the anterior cerebral artery

A

contralateral sensory loss and motor loss in the lower limbs

123
Q

where does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

most of the lateral surface of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

124
Q

what would happen as a result of a stroke of the middle cerebral artery

A

contralateral sensory loss and motor loss of the upper limbs and face, and if on the left hemisphere –> aphasia

125
Q

describe the course of the middle cerebral arteries

A

projects through the lateral fissure out towards the lateral aspect of the cerebrum

126
Q

describe the course of the posterior cerebral artery

A

heads towards the occipital lobes

127
Q

where does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

most of the medial and inferior surfaces of the temporal and occipital lobes

128
Q

what would happen as a result of a stroke in the posterior cerebral artery

A

visual problems - in particular, loss of the contralateral visual field

129
Q

where do the lenticulostriate arteries branch off

A

the middle cerebral artery

130
Q

what do the lenticulostriate arteries supply

A

basal ganglia and internal capsule

131
Q

where do the anterior perforating branches come off and what do they supply

A

come off the anterior communicating artery supply part of the optic chiasm and the anterior aspect of the hypothalamus

132
Q

where do the posterior perforating branches come off and what do they supply

A

come off the posterior communicating artery supply the ventral midbrain and the posterior part of the hypothalamus and thalamus

133
Q

what supplies the blood to the pons

A

the pontine branches (that come off the basilar artery)

134
Q

what does the anterior choroidal artery supply

A

the optic tract, lateral ventricles and the hippocampus

135
Q

what are the 4 main branches that supply the brainstem and cerebellum

A

anterior spinal artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery superior cerebellar artery

136
Q

what is the route of the anterior spinal artery

A

follows the ventral-median fissure of the spinal cord

137
Q

which arteries supply the cerebellum

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery superior cerebellar artery

138
Q

explain the blood supply to the midbrain

A

most comes from the posterior cerebral artery - superior cerebellar artery gives a little branch to the colliculi as it goes past to the cerebellum

139
Q

explain the blood supply to the medulla

A

3 arteries: - anterior spinal artery - supply median medulla - vertebral artery - supply around the olives (ventrolaterally) - posterior inferior cerebellar artery - does most of the posterolateral part of the medulla

140
Q

what is medial medullary syndrome and what are the symptoms

A

the symptoms associated with blockage of the anterior spinal artery - lack of blood supply to the median strip of the medulla –> ipsilateral paralysis and atrophy of the tongue muscle (with deviation towards the side of the lesion) –> contralateral hemisensory loss (medial lemniscus) –> contralateral hemiparesis - UMN (pyramids)

141
Q

explain the blood supply to the spinal cord

A

anteriorly - anterior spinal artery posteriorly - posterior spinal artery Anastomose around the spinal cord - giving branches inwards dorsally or ventrally (Both are reinforced all the way down by the segmental branches of the aorta)

Z MD1 neurology (17 decks)

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