foundation

Question 1

what is in grey and white matter

Answer 1

grey - neuronal cell bodies and glia and dendrites

white - myelinated axons and glia

Question 2

at what point does the orientation of the brain change in regards to planes?

Answer 2

kink between midbrain and diencephalon

Question 3

what are the two cerebral hemispheres split by

Answer 3

the longitudinal fissure

Question 4

what are gyri and sulci

Answer 4

gyri - ridges

sulci - grooves

Question 5

general function of the cerebrum

Answer 5

site of language, memory, emotions and self-awareness

Question 6

the central sulcus delineates which two lobes

Answer 6

the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 7

What are Brodmann areas

Answer 7

areas of the brain based on microscopic cellular differences

Question 8

what are pyramidal cells

Answer 8

neurons that extend across many of the layers of the cortex

Question 9

what connects the left and right cortices

Answer 9

linked at the corpus callosum

Question 10

general functions of the cerebellum

Answer 10

• key element in motor control
• compares the intention of the cortex with the actual performance of the body
• refines execution of motor program

Question 11

what proportion of neurons are contained in the cerebellum

Answer 11

about half

Question 12

what is the striatum

Answer 12

the caudate plus the putamen

Question 13

what are the 5 nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

Answer 13

• caudate nucleus
• putamen
• globus pallidus
• substantia nigra
• subthalamic nucleus

Question 14

general functions of the basal ganglia

Answer 14

• important in exmotor control

- selects and initiates voluntary movements

Question 15

major function of the thalamus

Answer 15

major sensory relay to the cortex (each subnuclei is concerned with a specific part of the cortex)

Question 16

3 projections and functions of the thalamic subnuclei

Answer 16

• relays sensory information to specific areas of the cortex
• relays non-sensory info from cortex and basal ganglia to specific areas of cortex
• project globally to cortex: arousal, sleep

Question 17

major functions of hypothalamus

Answer 17

regulates homeostasis and controls the pituitary

Question 18

the brainstem controls what 4 main things

Answer 18

• facial muscles
• sensation from face and head
• cardiorespiratory control
• arousal, sleep-wake cycle

Question 19

are cranial nerves motor, sensory or mixed?

Answer 19

can be all of these

Question 20

where does the spinal cord connect to the brain

Answer 20

via the medulla oblongata

Question 21

structure of the spinal cord in regards to white and grey matter

Answer 21

core of grey matter surrounded by white matter

Question 22

what are the components of the grey matter of the spinal cord

Answer 22

dorsal horn, ventral horn and intermediate zone

Question 23

at what parts of the spinal cord is the spinal cord enlarged

Answer 23

lower cervical and lumbar regions (for limbs)

Question 24

at what level does the spinal cord end

Answer 24

L1/L2

Question 25

what forms a spinal nerve

Answer 25

the merge of dorsal and ventral roots

Question 26

what is the dorsal root ganglia

Answer 26

where the cell bodies of the dorsal root sensory axons are located

Question 27

difference in function between dorsal and ventral roots

Answer 27

dorsal - sensory (afferent)

ventral - motor (efferent)

Question 28

what is a dermatome

Answer 28

the region of the body innervated by a bilateral pair of dorsal root ganglia

Question 29

what are the 4 ventricles of the brain

Answer 29

2 x lateral ventricles
1 x third ventricle
1 x fourth ventricle

Question 30

what makes CSF

Answer 30

the choroid plexus of the ventricles (vascular)

Question 31

what is CSF

Answer 31

ultrafiltrate of plasma

Question 32

where does the CSF get out of the ventricles to surround the brain

Answer 32

flows out at the 4th ventricle

Question 33

3 layers of CT of the meninges

Answer 33

dura
arachnoid (fibrous)
pia

Question 34

where is CSF found?

Answer 34

in the subarachnoid space and the ventricles

Question 35

how is CSF resorbed

Answer 35

by the major veins at arachnoid granulations

Question 36

what is the tentorium

Answer 36

CT that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

Question 37

what is the falx

Answer 37

CT that separates the cerebral hemispheres

Question 38

what is the association between lipid solubility and the BBB

Answer 38

the more lipid soluble –> the easier the substance can pass the BBB