foundation Flashcards
what is in grey and white matter
grey - neuronal cell bodies and glia and dendrites
white - myelinated axons and glia
at what point does the orientation of the brain change in regards to planes?
kink between midbrain and diencephalon
what are the two cerebral hemispheres split by
the longitudinal fissure
what are gyri and sulci
gyri - ridges
sulci - grooves
general function of the cerebrum
site of language, memory, emotions and self-awareness
the central sulcus delineates which two lobes
the frontal and parietal lobes
What are Brodmann areas
areas of the brain based on microscopic cellular differences
what are pyramidal cells
neurons that extend across many of the layers of the cortex
what connects the left and right cortices
linked at the corpus callosum
general functions of the cerebellum
- key element in motor control
- compares the intention of the cortex with the actual performance of the body
- refines execution of motor program
what proportion of neurons are contained in the cerebellum
about half
what is the striatum
the caudate plus the putamen
what are the 5 nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
- subthalamic nucleus
general functions of the basal ganglia
- important in exmotor control
- selects and initiates voluntary movements
major function of the thalamus
major sensory relay to the cortex (each subnuclei is concerned with a specific part of the cortex)
3 projections and functions of the thalamic subnuclei
- relays sensory information to specific areas of the cortex
- relays non-sensory info from cortex and basal ganglia to specific areas of cortex
- project globally to cortex: arousal, sleep
major functions of hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis and controls the pituitary
the brainstem controls what 4 main things
- facial muscles
- sensation from face and head
- cardiorespiratory control
- arousal, sleep-wake cycle
are cranial nerves motor, sensory or mixed?
can be all of these
where does the spinal cord connect to the brain
via the medulla oblongata
structure of the spinal cord in regards to white and grey matter
core of grey matter surrounded by white matter
what are the components of the grey matter of the spinal cord
dorsal horn, ventral horn and intermediate zone
at what parts of the spinal cord is the spinal cord enlarged
lower cervical and lumbar regions (for limbs)
at what level does the spinal cord end
L1/L2
what forms a spinal nerve
the merge of dorsal and ventral roots
what is the dorsal root ganglia
where the cell bodies of the dorsal root sensory axons are located
difference in function between dorsal and ventral roots
dorsal - sensory (afferent)
ventral - motor (efferent)
what is a dermatome
the region of the body innervated by a bilateral pair of dorsal root ganglia
what are the 4 ventricles of the brain
2 x lateral ventricles
1 x third ventricle
1 x fourth ventricle
what makes CSF
the choroid plexus of the ventricles (vascular)
what is CSF
ultrafiltrate of plasma
where does the CSF get out of the ventricles to surround the brain
flows out at the 4th ventricle
3 layers of CT of the meninges
dura
arachnoid (fibrous)
pia
where is CSF found?
in the subarachnoid space and the ventricles
how is CSF resorbed
by the major veins at arachnoid granulations
what is the tentorium
CT that separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe
what is the falx
CT that separates the cerebral hemispheres
what is the association between lipid solubility and the BBB
the more lipid soluble –> the easier the substance can pass the BBB
