Psychological Development

Question 1

Social Cognition

Answer 1

Involves how we interpret and use information to make judgements about others

Question 2

Person Perception

Answer 2

process we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.

Question 3

Non-verbal communication:

Answer 3

Body language: Include things like facial expression, eye gaze, posture, gestures and other bodily movements. With each body language sign h aving different interpretations in different cultures.

Question 4

Attribution

Answer 4

process which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour.

Question 5

Fundamental Attributional error

Answer 5

Tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors.

Question 6

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 6

attribute our own behaviour to external causes yet it was because of internal factors.

Question 7

Self-serving Bias

Answer 7

Tendency to take credit for success but when attributed with failure we blame it on situational factors.

Question 8

Individualist culture

Answer 8

being independent is valued and encouraged. personal goals are more important than group goals being achieved

Question 9

Collectivist Culture

Answer 9

refers to group goals being more important than achieving individual goals. So they are expected to place group goals ahead before their own individual goals.

Question 10

Attitudes

Answer 10

An evaluation a person makes about a Noun (object, person, group, event or issue). Which is consistent and lasting so that it can be an attitude.

Question 11

Affective Attitude

Answer 11

Refers to feelings an individual has towards a Noun (object, person, group, event or issue). This can either be positive, negative or neutral.

Question 12

Behavioral Attitude

Answer 12

Refers to the way which our attitudes is expressed through action

Question 13

Cognitive Attitude

Answer 13

Refers to the beliefs we have about a Noun(object, person, group, event or issue)

Sometimes behavioural components can be out of sync with affective and cognitive components. So attitude does not always reflect behaviou

Question 14

Stereotype

Answer 14

Collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among the members of that group.

· Can be inaccurated since it is based on incorred or inadequate information.

· it ignores their indivduality.

· It also leads to social stigma and prejudice.

· Ingroup: Any group which an individual belongs or which they identify.

· Outgroup: Any group to which an individual does not belong or identify; compare with ingroup

Question 15

Prejudice

Answer 15

Holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group (It means prejudgment).

· A person who is prejudiced against a group evaluates its members negatively since they belong to the group

· Often a majority group holding negative attitudes towards the members of a minority group.

· 4 characteristics of prejudice:

• Tend to believe they are superior.
• Majority group believe the minority group is different from them and don’t belong
• Majority group bleieve they are more important and powerful over the minority.
• Displays prejudice attiudes is insecure, fearing the minority may become more powerful and important.

Question 16

Old-Fashioned Prejudice

Answer 16

Form of prejudice which the members of the majority openly reject a minority and their views towards them are recognisable and obvious to others

Question 17

Modern Prejudice

Answer 17

Form of prejudice which tends to be subtle, hidden and expressed in ways there are more accepted in the majority group

Question 18

Explicit Prejudice

Answer 18

That is consciously held and deliberately thought about

Question 19

Implicit Prejudice

Answer 19

That is unconsciously held so the individual is unaware of it.

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

Positive or negative behaviour directed to a group and its members.

· Direct discrimination: Person proposes to or treats another person unfavourably because of personal characteristics protected by the law.

· When treating everybody equal disadvantages somebody because of a personal characteristic.

Question 21

Group

Answer 21

Any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose.

· Key: Interact with each other (longer than a couple of moments), Influence one another and share a common purpose

Question 22

Status

Answer 22

The importance of an individuals position in the group, as perceived by members of the group.

Question 23

Power

Answer 23

ability to influence the Attitude of another person or group.

Question 24

Reward Power

Answer 24

Ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour

Question 25

Coercive Power

Answer 25

Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour

Question 26

Legitimate Power

Answer 26

Individuals’ status in a group in general, gives them the right to exercise power over those with lower status or with less authority.

Question 27

Referent Power

Answer 27

Individuals identity with or want to be like or liked by this person.

Question 28

Expert Power

Answer 28

Having special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed

Question 29

Informational Power

Answer 29

Having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere

Question 30

Personal Attribution

Answer 30

Explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved includes things like ability, attitude, motivation, mood effort or personality (internal factors).

Question 31

Situational Attribution

Answer 31

It is an explanation due to factors external to the person involved. Includes aspects like the environment, the task, luck and fate.

Question 32

Saliency

Answer 32

Tendency to focus on the most prevalent piece of information.

Question 33

Just World Belief

Answer 33

we blame people for their misfortunes because they have done something to deserve it. Whereas good things happen to people because they deserve it.