Psychological Development Flashcards
Social Cognition
Involves how we interpret and use information to make judgements about others
Person Perception
process we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.
Non-verbal communication:
Body language: Include things like facial expression, eye gaze, posture, gestures and other bodily movements. With each body language sign h aving different interpretations in different cultures.
Attribution
process which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour.
Fundamental Attributional error
Tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors.
Actor-Observer Bias
attribute our own behaviour to external causes yet it was because of internal factors.
Self-serving Bias
Tendency to take credit for success but when attributed with failure we blame it on situational factors.
Individualist culture
being independent is valued and encouraged. personal goals are more important than group goals being achieved
Collectivist Culture
refers to group goals being more important than achieving individual goals. So they are expected to place group goals ahead before their own individual goals.
Attitudes
An evaluation a person makes about a Noun (object, person, group, event or issue). Which is consistent and lasting so that it can be an attitude.
Affective Attitude
Refers to feelings an individual has towards a Noun (object, person, group, event or issue). This can either be positive, negative or neutral.
Behavioral Attitude
Refers to the way which our attitudes is expressed through action
Cognitive Attitude
Refers to the beliefs we have about a Noun(object, person, group, event or issue)
Sometimes behavioural components can be out of sync with affective and cognitive components. So attitude does not always reflect behaviou
Stereotype
Collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among the members of that group.
· Can be inaccurated since it is based on incorred or inadequate information.
· it ignores their indivduality.
· It also leads to social stigma and prejudice.
· Ingroup: Any group which an individual belongs or which they identify.
· Outgroup: Any group to which an individual does not belong or identify; compare with ingroup
Prejudice
Holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group (It means prejudgment).
· A person who is prejudiced against a group evaluates its members negatively since they belong to the group
· Often a majority group holding negative attitudes towards the members of a minority group.
· 4 characteristics of prejudice:
- Tend to believe they are superior.
- Majority group believe the minority group is different from them and don’t belong
- Majority group bleieve they are more important and powerful over the minority.
- Displays prejudice attiudes is insecure, fearing the minority may become more powerful and important.
Old-Fashioned Prejudice
Form of prejudice which the members of the majority openly reject a minority and their views towards them are recognisable and obvious to others
Modern Prejudice
Form of prejudice which tends to be subtle, hidden and expressed in ways there are more accepted in the majority group
Explicit Prejudice
That is consciously held and deliberately thought about
Implicit Prejudice
That is unconsciously held so the individual is unaware of it.
Discrimination
Positive or negative behaviour directed to a group and its members.
· Direct discrimination: Person proposes to or treats another person unfavourably because of personal characteristics protected by the law.
· When treating everybody equal disadvantages somebody because of a personal characteristic.
Group
Any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose.
· Key: Interact with each other (longer than a couple of moments), Influence one another and share a common purpose
Status
The importance of an individuals position in the group, as perceived by members of the group.
Power
ability to influence the Attitude of another person or group.
Reward Power
Ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour
Coercive Power
Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour
Legitimate Power
Individuals’ status in a group in general, gives them the right to exercise power over those with lower status or with less authority.
Referent Power
Individuals identity with or want to be like or liked by this person.
Expert Power
Having special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed
Informational Power
Having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere
Personal Attribution
Explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved includes things like ability, attitude, motivation, mood effort or personality (internal factors).
Situational Attribution
It is an explanation due to factors external to the person involved. Includes aspects like the environment, the task, luck and fate.
Saliency
Tendency to focus on the most prevalent piece of information.
Just World Belief
we blame people for their misfortunes because they have done something to deserve it. Whereas good things happen to people because they deserve it.
