Psychological and Biological Treatments Flashcards
1
Q
What is psychotherapy?
A
• Psychological interventions designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
2
Q
Who is more/less likely to seek treatment?
A
- Women are more likely to seek treatment
* Asians and Hispanics are less likely
3
Q
Who gets the most out of treatments?
A
- Those motivated to change
- Experiencing anxiety
- Temporary or situational issues
4
Q
What is a paraprofessional?
A
• Person with no professional training who provides mental health services
5
Q
Who practices psychotherapy?
A
- Both professionals and paraprofessionals
- Provide hope, empathy, advice, support and learning experiences
- Little to no difference in effectiveness based on experience
6
Q
What are some qualities of an effective therapist?
A
- Warm and direct
- Selects important topics for focus
- Matches treatments to needs
7
Q
What are insight therapies?
A
• Psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
8
Q
What type of insight therapy was influenced by Freud?
A
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies
9
Q
What were the 3 approaches/beliefs used by those that practiced psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies?
A
o Cause of abnormal behaviour stem from traumatic or other adverse childhood experience
o Analyze distressing thoughts and feelings that clients avoid, wishes and fantasies, recurring themes and life patterns, significant past events, and the therapeutic relationship
o When clients achieve insight into previously unconscious material, causes and significance of symptoms become evident, often causing symptoms to disappear
10
Q
What is psychoanalysis? What are the 6 approaches that were used?
A
- Developed by Freud and one of the first forms of psychotherapy
- Goal was to make people aware of unconscious repressed impulses
Free Association
• Technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort
• Basically, lie on a couch and just say whatever comes to mind
Interpretation
• As therapeutic relationship evolves, analyst gives interpretations for the unconscious bases for what the patient says during free association
• Timing was believed to be key, too early caused anxiety
Dream Analysis
• Therapist interprets what is experienced in the dreams (manifest content) to what it means (latent content)
Resistance
• Attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
Transference
• Projecting intense, unrealistic feelings from their past onto their therapist
• Helped people understand their irrational expectations and demands of others
Working Through
• Helps clients work through their problems
• Clients confront ineffective coping response as they re-emerge in everyday life
11
Q
What is free association used during psychoanalysis?
A
- Technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort
- Basically, lie on a couch and just say whatever comes to mind
12
Q
What is interpretation used during psychoanalysis?
A
- As therapeutic relationship evolves, analyst gives interpretations for the unconscious bases for what the patient says during free association
- Timing was believed to be key, too early caused anxiety
13
Q
What is dream analysis used during psychoanalysis?
A
• Therapist interprets what is experienced in the dreams (manifest content) to what it means (latent content)
14
Q
What is resistance used during psychoanalysis?
A
• Attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
15
Q
What is transference used during psychoanalysis?
A
- Projecting intense, unrealistic feelings from their past onto their therapist
- Helped people understand their irrational expectations and demands of others
16
Q
What is working through used during psychoanalysis?
A
- Helps clients work through their problems
* Clients confront ineffective coping response as they re-emerge in everyday life
17
Q
What is Neo-Freudian psychoanalysis?
A
- Therapists more concerned with conscious aspects of functioning
- Emphasize impact of cultural and interpersonal past experiences
- Acknowledge needs more than just sex
18
Q
What is individualism?
A
- Carl Jung
- Neo-Freudian psychoanalysis
- Integration of opposing aspects of personality into a whole self
19
Q
Describe interpersonal therapy (IPT)
A
- Harry Stack Sullivan
- Neo-Freudian psychoanalysis
- Short term, 12-16 sessions
- Treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions
- Therapist is a participant observer who shows clients unrealistic behaviours in everyday life
- Shown effective for treating depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
20
Q
Is insight necessary for effective treatment?
A
- Research shows understanding emotional history is gratifying but not necessary to relieve psychological stress
- Clients need to practice more adaptive behaviours in everyday life, such as working through
- Psychoanalysis difficult to falsify
21
Q
How does Neo-Freudian psychoanalysis stand up to scientific evaluation?
A
- Samples were of upper-class people
- No rigorously controlled research
- Research indicates some therapy better than no therapy
- Not really effective for psychotic disorders
22
Q
What are humanistic therapies?
A
- Therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
- Focuses on insight and self-actualization
23
Q
Describe person-centered therapy
A
• Carl Rogers
• Humanistic therapy
• Therapy centering on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems
• Therapist must
o Be authentic, genuine person who reveals his or her own reactions to what the client is communicating
o Express unconditional positive regard
Nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings of client
o Relate to clients with empathetic understanding
24
Q
What is person-centered interviewing?
A
- One- to two-session procedure
- Recognizes that many clients are ambivalent about changing long-standing behaviours
- Geared to clarify reasons to change and not change their lives
- Been shown to help treat alcoholism and other health related behaviours
25
Describe Gestalt therapy
• Fritz Perls
• Humanistic therapy
• Based on Gestalt psychology
o Rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context
o Help explain why we see our world as unified forms rather than jumbles of lines and curves
• Believed psychological difficulties were “incomplete gestalts” because they excluded experiences that trigger anxiety from their awareness
• Aim is to integrate differing aspects of client’s personality into unified sense of self
• Recognized awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings
• Would have the person act out 2 parts of personality with 2 chairs so they could converse with themselves
26
How do humanistic therapies stand up to scientific evaluation?
* Difficult to measure and falsify
* Therapeutic relationship is a strong predictor of therapy success but is not necessary for improvement
* Causal arrow unsure, does client first improve and therefore so does their relationship?
* Person-centered therapy better than no therapy but findings are inconsistent
27
What are group therapies? What are some benefits?
• Jacob Moreno
• Therapy that treats more than one person at a time
• Benefits include
o Efficient, time saving, and less costly than individual therapy
o Provide and receive support
o Exchange information and feedback
o Model effective behaviours
o Practice new skills
o Recognition they are not alone
• Are effective for a wide range of issues
• About as helpful as individual treatments
28
Describe alcoholics anonymous
• 12 step, self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety
o Self-help as they often don’t include a professional mental illness specialist
• Treat alcoholism as a physical disease
• Focus is on never drinking again
• No evidence it is any more effective than other treatment options
• Up to 68% drop out within 3 months
29
What is the abstinence violation effect?
• Negative feelings about a relapse can lead to continued drinking
30
Describe controlled drinking
* Treat alcoholism as a learned behaviour
* Focus is controlled drinking, not total abstinence
* Teach healthy coping skills and tolerating negative emotions
* As effective as the 12 step AA method
* Total abstinence likely best for those with severe dependence on alcohol or when controlled drinking fails
31
What is relapse prevention (RP)?
* Teaches not to be ashamed or discouraged when they relapse
| * Helps to prevent abstinence violation effect
32
What are family therapies?
* See most psychological problems as rooted in a dysfunctional family system
* Focus of treatment is the whole family unit
33
Describe strategic family therapy
• Approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
• Identified patient
o Scapegoat that family identifies as the one with the problem
• Therapist identifies unhealthy communication patterns and unsuccessful approaches to problem solving
• Give family directives to shift how family members solve problems and interact
• Often uses paradoxical requests, close to reverse psychology
34
Describe structural family therapy
* Therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions
* More effective than no therapy, at least as effective as individual therapy
35
What are behavioural therapists?
* Therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
* Assume behavioural change results from basic principles of learning
36
What is exposure therapy?
o Therapy confronting patients with what they fear with the foal of reducing the fear
37
Describe systematic desensitization (SD)
* Joseph Wolpe
* Patients taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
* Earliest form of exposure therapy
* Used for phobias, insomnia, speech disorders, and some problem drinking
Reciprocal Inhibition
• You cannot experience two conflicting responses simultaneously
• Principle SD is based on
• I.e., relaxation inhibits anxiety
Counterconditioning
• A form of classical condition as described by Wolpe
38
What is the anxiety hierarchy and how was it used during systematic desensitization?
* A list of progressively increasing anxiety provoking images
* Pt is to relax first imagine the first anxiety provoking scene
* Once they relax again, they are asked to imagine the second anxiety provoking scene that is closer to the actual fear
* Progresses until they are relaxed and imagining their fear
* Can be done in vivo which is in real life rather than just using imagination
39
What is dismantling?
o Research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
40
What is flooding exposure therapy?
• Believe that fears are a result of negative reinforcement
• Treatment aims to provoke anxiety repeatedly in absence of actual negative consequences to reach extinction of fear
• Jumps right to the stop of the anxiety hierarchy
• Can also be done in vivo
• Can take an hour or longer
• Successful in treatments of many anxiety disorders including
o Specific phobias
o OCD
o Social phobia
o PTSD
o Agoraphobia
Response Prevention
• Also called ritual prevention in the case of OCD
• Technique in which therapist prevents client from performing their typical avoidance (or ritualistic) behaviours
41
What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
• Uses virtual reality to provide experience of fear-provoking situations
• Rivals’ effectiveness of in vivo exposure
• Allows repeated exposure to situations often not feasible in real life (like flying in airplanes)
42
What is modelling in therapy?
```
• A form of observational learning
• Helpful in treating (not curing)
o Schizophrenia
o Autism
o Depression
o ADHD
o Social anxiety
```
43
What is participant modelling?
* Albert Bandura
* Technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
44
What is assertion training?
* Aiming to train client to express thoughts and feelings in upfront and socially appropriate manner and ensure they aren’t taken advantage of
* Modelling is an important component in this training
45
What is behavioural reversal?
* Client engages in role play with therapist to learn and practice new skills
* Part of assertion and modelling therapy
46
What are operant procedure therapy?
• Uses operant conditioning, such as using tokens to reward good behaviour
47
What is aversion therapy?
* Treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours
* Research shows mixed support
48
What is cognitive-behaviour therapy and what are the core assumptions of this type of therapy?
• Treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
• Core assumptions
o Cognitions are identifiable and measurable
o Cognitions are key to both healthy and unhealthy psychological function
o Irrational beliefs or catastrophic thinking can be replaced by more rational and adaptive cognitions
49
Describe Rational Emotive Therapy?
• Albert Ellis
• Later called rational emotive behavioural therapy
• The ABCs of cognitive-behavioural therapy
o A – unpleasant activating event
o B – out belief systems
o C – range of emotional and behavioural consequences
o D – dispute their irrational beliefs
o E – adopt more effective and rational beliefs
• Irrational beliefs involve unrealistic demands on themselves and catastrophizing
• Therapists often assign homework that forces clients to falsify their own maladaptive beliefs
50
What is cognitive therapy?
* Aaron Beck
* Helped create CBT field
* Identified and modified distorted, negative thoughts
51
What is stress inoculation training?
* Donald Meichenbaum
* Form of cognitive-behavioural therapy
* Teaches clients to prepare for and cope with future stressful events
* Helps modify clients’ inner thoughts to more realistic ones
52
What is acceptance?
```
• Often called 3rd wave therapists
• Focus on accepting all aspects of their experiences including
o Thoughts
o Feelings
o Memories
o Physical sensations
```
53
What is acceptance commitment therapy (ACT)?
* Steven Hays
| * Teaches clients to accept negative feelings about self is just a thought, not fact
54
What is dialectical behaviroual therapy (DBT)?
* Marsha Linehan
* Encourages clients to accept intense emotions while actively attempting to cope with them by making changes in their life
* Used to treat BPD at risk of suicide
55
What does meta analysis show about the results of psychotherapy?
* Statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature
* Shows psychotherapy does work, but they all work about the same
* CBT and behavioural therapy do seem to work better
* About 5-10% of people are worse after therapy and sometimes because of therapy
* Although gaps in some groups not participating in studies, research does not show any difference in therapy results based on gender, race, ethnicity, age, or socioeconomic status
56
What are some common factors between all forms of psychotherapy?
• Common across pretty much all forms of therapy
o Empathetic listening
o Instilling hope
o Establishing a strong emotional bond between client and therapist
o Providing clear theoretical rational for treatment
o Implemented techniques that offer new ways of thinking
• Accounts for much of the improvement in therapy
• Specific factors, such as exposure, may provide additional benefits, or none at all
57
What are empirically supported treatments (EST)?
• Lists of interventions for specific disorders supported by high-quality specific evidence
58
What are some things that fool us into thinking our therapy has worked?
• Spontaneous remission
• Placebo effect
• Self-serving biases
o I spent a lot of money; I want this to have worked
• Regression to the mean
o Extreme scores tend to become less extreme on retesting
• Retrospective rewriting of the past
59
What is psychopharmacotherapy? What can it be used for? How does it work?
• Use of medications to treat psychological problems
• 1954 – advent of Thorazine (chlorpromazine) which gave treatment of schizophrenia
• Drugs for nearly every psychological disorder
o Antianxiety medications or anxiolytics
o Antidepressants
o Mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder
o Psychotic conditions
Antipsychotics/neuroleptics
Tranquilizers
o Attention problems and ADHD
Psychostimulants, which stimulate the nervous system paradoxically
• We often don’t understand true actions of some medications
• Some affect receptor sensitivity rather than level of neurotransmitters
60
Describe types of anxiety medications
Benzodiazepines
• Examples: diazepam (valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and lorazepam (Ativan
• Increase efficiency of GABA binding to receptor sites
• Other uses
o Use with antipsychotic medications
o Treat medication side effects
o Alcohol detoxification
```
Buspirone (Buspar)
• Stabilizes serotonin levels
• Other uses
o Depressive and anxiety states
o Sometimes used with antipsychotics
o Aggression in people with brain injuries and dementia
```
Beta blockers
• Examples: atenolol (Tenormin), propranolol (Inderal)
• Competes with norepinephrine at receptor sites that control heart and muscle function
• Reduces rapid heartbeat and muscle tension
• Other uses
o Control blood pressure
o Regulate heartbeat
61
Describe types of antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors
• Examples: isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate)
• Inhibits action of enzymes that metabolize norepinephrine and serotonin
• Inhibit dopamine
• Other uses
o Panic and other anxiety disorders
Cyclic Antidepressants
• Examples: amitriptyline (Elavil), imipramine (Tofranil), desipramine (Norpramine), nortriptyline (Pamelor)
• Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
• Other uses
o Panic and other anxiety disorders
o Pain relief
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
• Examples: fluoxetine (Prozac), citalopram (Celexa), sertraline (Zoloft)
• Selectively inhibits reuptake of serotonin
• Other uses
o Eating disorders (especially bulimia)
o OCD
o Social phobia
62
Describe types of mood stabilizers
Mineral Salts
• Examples: lithium carbonate (Lithium)
• Decreases noradrenaline and increases serotonin
Anticonvulsant Medications
• Examples: carbamazepine (Tegretol), lamotrigine (Lamictal), divalproex sodium (Depakote)
• Increases levels of neurotransmitter GABA
• Tegretol also inhibits norepinephrine reuptake
63
Describe types of antipsychotics
```
Conventional Antipsychotics
• Examples: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol)
• Blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors
• Other uses
o Tourette syndrome (Haldol)
o Bipolar disorder
```
Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists (Atypical Antipsychotics)
• Examples: clozapine (Clorazil), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), ziprasidone (Geodon), quetiapine (Seroquel)
• Blocks activity of both serotonin and/or dopamine
• Also affects norepinephrine and acetylcholine
• Other uses
o Tourette syndrome (Haldol)
o Bipolar disorder (except Clozaril)
64
Describe psychostimulants and other medications for attentional problems
Methylphenidate
• Brand names of Ritalin or Concerta
• Dexmethylphenidate uses brand name Focalin
• Release norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the frontal lobe where attention and behaviour are regulated
Amphetamine
• Brand names of Adderall
• Release norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the frontal lobe where attention and behaviour are regulated
Atomoxetine
• Brand name Strattera
• Selectively inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine
65
What are common side effects of psych meds?
```
o Nausea
o Drowsiness
o Weakness
o Fatigue
o Impaired sexual performance
• General side effects abate after stopping the medication or lowering the dose and include
```
66
What is tardive dyskinesia?
o Serious side effect of some older antipsychotic medications
o Symptoms include
Grotesque involuntary movement of face and mouth
Twitching of neck and extremities
o Symptoms begin after months or years of high-dose treatment
o Symptoms do not stop when medication is stopped
67
What is the risk of SSRIs in young people?
• SSRIs increase suicidal thoughts in children and adolescents
68
What concerns about dosage should we keep in mind?
* Weight, age, and racial differences affect drug response
| * Benzodiazepines are addictive so lowest dose possible
69
How do psych meds hold up when evaluated scientifically?
• Psychotherapy with no medications can successfully treat many disorders
• CBT at least as effective as antidepressants
• Changes in the brain occur with both medications and CBT
• Research suggests combining medications with psychotherapy for
o Schizophrenia
o Bipolar disorder
o Long-term major depression
o Major depression with psychotic symptoms
70
Describe ECT
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• Patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems
• Pt given muscle relaxers and anesthetic
• Used for conditions refractory to other treatment including
o Severe depression
o Bipolar disorder
o Schizophrenia
o Severe catatonia
• Usually, 6-10 treatments given 3 times per week
• Success rates as high as 80-90% with severe depression
o 50% relapse within 6 months
• Short term memory loss around treatment
• Sometimes long-term issues with attention and memory persist up to 6 months
71
Describe psychosurgery
• Brain surgery to treat psychological disorders
• Most radical and controversial of all biomedical treatments
• Frontal lobotomies stopped in mid 50s
• Sometimes used as punishment for violent sex crimes rather than for treatment
• Now involves creating a small lesion with precision and used as an absolute last resort
• Review board must determine
o Clear rational for operation
o Appropriate preoperative and postoperative evaluation
o Patient has consented
o Surgeon is competent
72
Which of the following is a basic goal of cognitive-behavioural therapy?
a) To help clients complete unfinished business and become whole
b) To help clients change irrational thoughts to rational thoughts
c) To help clients develop a closer match between real and ideal selves
d) To help clients uncover unconscious conflicts and sexual urges
B
73
The most frequently encountered treatment for schizophrenia today comes from a form of
a) electroconvulsive therapy.
b) vagus nerve stimulation therapy.
c) psychosurgery.
d) psychopharmacotherapy.
D
74
The research on psychotherapy and the brain suggests that
a) both drug therapies and psychotherapies impact the same neural pathways.
b) only drug therapies should be used to treat people's behavioural or emotional problems.
c) both drug therapies and psychotherapies produce changes in brain activity.
d) only drug therapies produce documentable changes in brain activity.
C
75
The major goal of insight therapies is to give people
a) feedback from their biologically controlled responses.
b) clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions.
c) basic training in observational learning and practice.
d) help in understanding perceptual processes.
B
76
The ideas of being authentic and attaining self-actualization suffer from not being easily
a) falsified.
b) correlated.
c) parsimonious.
d) replicated.
A
77
What predicts whether a particular ethnic group has a negative attitude toward psychotherapy and would be less likely to seek help?
a) Higher intelligence
b) Prior therapy experiences
c) Culturally sensitive therapists
d) Cultural stigmas surrounding psychotherapy
D
78
Cognitive-behavioural therapists would argue that anxiety and mood disorders are largely the result of
a) conditional positive regard.
b) maladaptive cognitions.
c) maladaptive behaviours.
d) unresolved childhood issues.
B
79
Which of the following is a reason for physicians to be cautious about overprescribing SSRIs for the treatment of depression?
a) The risk of addiction is quite high
b) Depression isn’t actually treated by SSRIs, but its symptoms are masked
c) Risk of suicide increases with SSRI treatment, especially among adolescents
d) There are serious side effects, including tardive dyskinesia
C
80
Which claim concerning psychodynamic therapy is most accurate?
a) Brief psychodynamic therapy is better than receiving no treatment.
b) Current difficulties often stem from repression of traumatic childhood events.
c) Psychodynamic concepts are well supported by empirical studies.
d) Psychodynamic therapies promote insight better than any other approach.
A
81
A goal of family therapy is to
a) change the needs of individual family members.
b) improve family communication and interaction.
c) identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of problems.
d) teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues.
B
82
One reason that nearly any type of credible treatment may produce strong beneficial effects is that people hope it will and want it to work. This can contribute to
a) the self-serving bias.
b) spontaneous remission.
c) the placebo effect.
d) regression to the mean.
C
83
Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s motives and actions are referred to as
a) behavioural.
b) insight.
c) cognitive.
d) biological.
B
84
According to Albert Ellis, many psychological problems result from
a) an unintegrated set of Gestalts.
b) catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions.
c) unconscious motivational conflicts.
d) conditions of worth that are imposed on us by others.
B
85
Trina attempts to overcome her fear of clowns by learning how to shift from a feeling of tension to one of calm and relaxation. Next she is asked to imagine different situations, each more anxiety-provoking than the previous. She only proceeds to the next situation if she can maintain her feeling of relaxation. Trina's therapist is using ________ to remove her fear.
a) exposure therapy
b) systematic desensitization
c) person-centred therapy
d) modelling
B
86
In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand
a) why some families seem to experience more problems than others.
b) how family members can help someone with a psychological disorder live a productive life.
c) how family member interactions lead to personal problems and difficulties.
d) how a person's psychological disorder creates stress for those who love them.
C
87
A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind her. The therapist gets to know the client’s problems through free association and a discussion of transference. This is an example of ______ therapy.
a) psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
b) humanistic-existential
c) cognitive-behavioural
d) behavioural
A
88
Sonya is working in a residential group home with clients that have severe learning disabilities and difficulties with displaying appropriate social skills. When her clients complete regular tasks they are assigned (such as chores), she gives them a gold star on a calendar. After the clients have collected seven stars in a row, Sonya gives them their favourite chocolate treat. When they achieve a month of gold stars, she takes the clients on an outing that they enjoy. What type of therapeutic technique is Sonya using with her clients?
Token economies
89
In flooding, patients are exposed to the situations in their anxiety hierarchy starting with
the most feared stimulus.
90
The form of behavioural therapy in which an undesirable behaviour is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behaviour is called
aversion therapy.
91
A therapist is interested in helping her client get a clearer understanding and awareness of his motives and actions. Which type of therapist is this?
insight therapist
92
Which form of biological therapy would a psychiatrist be most likely to suggest for a client?
a) Gestalt therapy
b) Electroconvulsive therapy
c) Psychosurgery
d) Psychopharmacotherapy
D
93
Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s motives and actions are referred to as
Insight
94
What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist?
a) To facilitate transference
b) To eliminate undesirable behaviours
c) To provide unconditional positive regard
d) To create a unified sense of self
D
95
Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object?
Systematic desensitization
96
```
Someone who suffers from social anxiety would most likely benefit from what type of therapy?
a) Assertion training
b) Thought-Field Therapy
c) Aversion therapy
D) EMDR
```
A
97
Person-centred therapy is a type of ______ therapy.
insight
98
The family therapy approach that is designed to remove barriers to effective communication is called
strategic family intervention.
99
Herman begins his systematic desensitization treatment for his claustrophobia by first
a) learning how to relax.
b) being exposed to tight spaces with no means of escape.
c) trying to recall how he developed this fear as a child.
d) constructing an anxiety hierarchy.
A
100
Which of the following statements indicates that a therapist should be in a good position to help you?
a) My therapist encourages me to confront challenges and solve problems.
b) My therapist has a “one size fits all” approach to all problems.
c) My therapist tells me exactly what to do, and often shares personal anecdotes.
d) My therapist avoids discussing scientific support for what he or she is doing.
A
101
Imran is afraid of snakes. To help him overcome his fear, his therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them. Imran is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed. Imran’s therapist is using
flooding
102
When it comes to the success of psychotherapy, the choice of __________ is equally or more important as the choice of __________.
a) therapy; therapist
b) treatment; duration
c) therapist; therapy
d) duration; treatment
C
103
_________________ are persons who work in the helping field and provide mental health services, but have no formal professional training.
Paraprofessionals
104
_______ refers to a treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in everyday family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions.
a) Structural family therapy
b) Gestalt therapy
c) Systematic desensitization
d) Strategic family intervention
A
105
Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting?
a) Psychiatrist
b) Clinical social worker
c) Mental health counsellor
d) Clinical psychologist
A
106
Dismantling is an evaluation procedure used to ________________ the effective mechanisms of systematic desensitization and other treatments.
a) protect
b) identify
c) falsify
d) replicate
B
107
Dedric is preparing for an upcoming tennis match against a highly ranked opponent. He is to imagine falling behind by one set, in a best two of three sets match, and then practice what he would say to himself in such a scenario. This example illustrates what Meichenbaum would call
a) stress inoculation training.
b) person-centred therapy.
c) rational-emotive behaviour therapy.
d) systematic desensitization.
A
108
Elavil, Parnate, Tofranil, Zoloft, and Nardil are all examples of what class of drugs?
a) Antipsychotics
b) Mood stabilizers
c) Antidepressants
d) Psychostimulants
C
109
A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind her. The therapist gets to know the client’s problems through free association and a discussion of transference. This is an example of ______ therapy.
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
110
A major criticism of the use of medication for treating a child's ADHD is that
a) doctors are overprescribing medications for children with ADHD rather than using effective behavioural strategies to manage attention.
b) parents and teachers are often allowed little input in whether a child must begin pharmacotherapy for his or her ADHD.
c) pharmacotherapy leads to an increased risk for suicide in patients diagnosed with ADHD.
d) there is no scientific evidence that pharmacotherapy is useful is reducing the symptoms for children with ADHD.
A
111
George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called
a) free association.
b) transference.
c) working through.
d) resistance.
B
112
Scenario: Dylan has been feeling really down lately, and feels like nothing that he does makes a difference. His best friend moved away recently, and he misses the support and encouragement that his friend used to provide every day. Dylan’s sister thinks that Dylan’s problems stem from some sort of unconscious conflict, so she has been encouraging him to write down his dreams and look for meaning and answers in them. Dylan’s best friend heard that he was feeling down, so he sent an email suggesting that Dylan to make a list of all of the things that he has accomplished over the past year and then make a list of all the things he wants to accomplish next. After that, he told him to choose one of the goals on the list and make a plan for how to achieve it. He’s had success before, so why wouldn’t it work this time, right? Dylan did what his best friend suggested, and listed his good grades in some classes and the volunteer work that he did with a local homeless shelter. He realized that although he was doing well in his courses for his chemistry degree, he really wanted to become a paramedic. Although it would be a big change, Dylan realized that he could start by taking some advanced first-aid courses and making an appointment with a career counsellor. He came to the decision that becoming a chemist was still a cool career, but just not for him.
When Dylan’s best friend suggested that Dylan had succeeded before, so he would be able to succeed again, what trait was he trying to encourage?
a) Extraversion
b) Self-esteem
c) Insight
d) Self-efficacy
D
113
Scenario: Dylan has been feeling really down lately, and feels like nothing that he does makes a difference. His best friend moved away recently, and he misses the support and encouragement that his friend used to provide every day. Dylan’s sister thinks that Dylan’s problems stem from some sort of unconscious conflict, so she has been encouraging him to write down his dreams and look for meaning and answers in them. Dylan’s best friend heard that he was feeling down, so he sent an email suggesting that Dylan to make a list of all of the things that he has accomplished over the past year and then make a list of all the things he wants to accomplish next. After that, he told him to choose one of the goals on the list and make a plan for how to achieve it. He’s had success before, so why wouldn’t it work this time, right? Dylan did what his best friend suggested, and listed his good grades in some classes and the volunteer work that he did with a local homeless shelter. He realized that although he was doing well in his courses for his chemistry degree, he really wanted to become a paramedic. Although it would be a big change, Dylan realized that he could start by taking some advanced first-aid courses and making an appointment with a career counsellor. He came to the decision that becoming a chemist was still a cool career, but just not for him.
Which type of treatment is most consistent with Dylan’s sister’s approach?
a) Insight Therapy
b) Behavioural Therapy
c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
d) Biomedical Therapy
A
114
Scenario: Dylan has been feeling really down lately, and feels like nothing that he does makes a difference. His best friend moved away recently, and he misses the support and encouragement that his friend used to provide every day. Dylan’s sister thinks that Dylan’s problems stem from some sort of unconscious conflict, so she has been encouraging him to write down his dreams and look for meaning and answers in them. Dylan’s best friend heard that he was feeling down, so he sent an email suggesting that Dylan to make a list of all of the things that he has accomplished over the past year and then make a list of all the things he wants to accomplish next. After that, he told him to choose one of the goals on the list and make a plan for how to achieve it. He’s had success before, so why wouldn’t it work this time, right? Dylan did what his best friend suggested, and listed his good grades in some classes and the volunteer work that he did with a local homeless shelter. He realized that although he was doing well in his courses for his chemistry degree, he really wanted to become a paramedic. Although it would be a big change, Dylan realized that he could start by taking some advanced first-aid courses and making an appointment with a career counsellor. He came to the decision that becoming a chemist was still a cool career, but just not for him.
When Dylan decided that he might need to consider a different career, how would a cognitive behaviourist think about that decision?
a) That’s a really bad idea, because it shows evidence that Dylan is giving up and avoiding his problems.
b) That’s a really great idea because becoming a chemist would only lead to failure and problems with self-esteem.
c) Because Dylan is conflicted about his career, it shows evidence that there is some underlying unconscious resistance to becoming an adult.
d) Because Dylan is creating a manageable plan, and recognizing that some options are more viable than others, he is showing evidence of optimism and self-efficacy.
D
115
Scenario: Dylan has been feeling really down lately, and feels like nothing that he does makes a difference. His best friend moved away recently, and he misses the support and encouragement that his friend used to provide every day. Dylan’s sister thinks that Dylan’s problems stem from some sort of unconscious conflict, so she has been encouraging him to write down his dreams and look for meaning and answers in them. Dylan’s best friend heard that he was feeling down, so he sent an email suggesting that Dylan to make a list of all of the things that he has accomplished over the past year and then make a list of all the things he wants to accomplish next. After that, he told him to choose one of the goals on the list and make a plan for how to achieve it. He’s had success before, so why wouldn’t it work this time, right? Dylan did what his best friend suggested, and listed his good grades in some classes and the volunteer work that he did with a local homeless shelter. He realized that although he was doing well in his courses for his chemistry degree, he really wanted to become a paramedic. Although it would be a big change, Dylan realized that he could start by taking some advanced first-aid courses and making an appointment with a career counsellor. He came to the decision that becoming a chemist was still a cool career, but just not for him.
When Dylan’s best friend emailed him, which aspect of the email was most consistent with a CBT approach?
a) Just sending him a message showed Dylan that he had support.
b) Dylan needed someone to tell him what to do, so giving him a set of instructions provided him with a solution.
c) Having Dylan list his successes challenged his beliefs that nothing he did makes a difference.
d) CBT is typically done at a distance, so providing support by email is a standard procedure.
C
116
Scenario: Dylan has been feeling really down lately, and feels like nothing that he does makes a difference. His best friend moved away recently, and he misses the support and encouragement that his friend used to provide every day. Dylan’s sister thinks that Dylan’s problems stem from some sort of unconscious conflict, so she has been encouraging him to write down his dreams and look for meaning and answers in them. Dylan’s best friend heard that he was feeling down, so he sent an email suggesting that Dylan to make a list of all of the things that he has accomplished over the past year and then make a list of all the things he wants to accomplish next. After that, he told him to choose one of the goals on the list and make a plan for how to achieve it. He’s had success before, so why wouldn’t it work this time, right? Dylan did what his best friend suggested, and listed his good grades in some classes and the volunteer work that he did with a local homeless shelter. He realized that although he was doing well in his courses for his chemistry degree, he really wanted to become a paramedic. Although it would be a big change, Dylan realized that he could start by taking some advanced first-aid courses and making an appointment with a career counsellor. He came to the decision that becoming a chemist was still a cool career, but just not for him.
Which type of treatment is most consistent with Dylan’s best friend’s approach?
a) Insight Therapy
b) Behavioural Therapy
c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
d) Biomedical Therapy
C
