Midterm Study Session

Question 1

Which of the following options is an example of emotion-focused coping?

a) arranging your desk so you can find the tools you need
b) writing a letter to your Member of Parliament
c) practicing your responses for an interview you have tomorrow
d) taking a moment to reflect on your spiritual beliefs

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla’s reasoning reflects ____________ moral reasoning.

Answer 2

conventional

Question 3

People often overestimate the danger of shark attacks because it is often easy to think of news stories and reports of shark attacks. This is an example of how ____________ can sometimes lead to poor judgments.

Answer 3

the availability heuristic

Question 4

As part of a large research study examining many people, David, now 24 years old, has been weighed, measured, observed, and tested every two years since he was born. The study in which he is participating would be described as

Answer 4

a longitudinal study

Question 5

When Kwan’s computer stopped working, he called the company’s technical support line. The technician followed a predetermined set of steps from a manual to diagnose and help Kwan fix his computer over the phone. The steps that the technician followed are an example of a(n):

Answer 5

algorithm

Question 6

According to the transaction model of stress, it is not the stressor itself that causes the stress, but rather

Answer 6

the person’s perception of the stressor

Question 7

Questions assessing the ___________ subscale of the WAIS are typically the most biased, while questions assessing the ___________ subscale of the WAIS are typically the least biased.

a) Processing speed; working memory
b) Verbal comprehension; perceptual reasoning
c) Processing speed; perceptual reasoning
d) Verbal comprehension; working memory

Answer 7

B

Question 8

Which of the following is true concerning “twin study” research findings?

a) Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins.
b) Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins.
c) Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations.
d) Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQ scores than identical twins raised together.

Answer 8

A

Question 9

How many phonemes are in the word ‘rephrased’?

Answer 9

7 (r/e/ph/r/a/s/ed)

Question 10

ii) Identify the different morphemes in the word ‘rephrased’ (0.5 marks)

Answer 10

re/phrase/ed

Question 11

Imagine your friend texts you the following sentence: “I thought I understood what she meant, but then rephrased she the sentence weirdly ☹”

Identify an instance of improper English syntax in the text message above. What makes this an example of improper syntax? Provide the correct syntax.

Answer 11

Improper: “rephrased she the sentence weirdly” .

Why: This is an example of improper syntax because the words are not in the correct order for the English language.

Proper syntax: “she rephrased the sentence weirdly”

Question 12

Imagine your friend texts you the following sentence: “I thought I understood what she meant, but then rephrased she the sentence weirdly ☹”

What feature of language is missing in text messages that your friend is trying to make up for with the sad face? Give an example of this feature of language in a face to face conversation.

Answer 12

Missing: Extralinguistic information

Example: Tone of voice, facial expressions, context of the conversation, body language

Question 13

During World War I, the army used different tests to determine which position a new recruit might be best suited for. Are the Army Alpha and Beta tests achievement or aptitude tests? Explain your answer.

Answer 13

Aptitude tests. They measure potential for doing things in the future and not knowledge of things from the past (which would be an achievement test).

Question 14

During World War I, the army used different tests to determine which position a new recruit might be best suited for.

Give an example of a potentially biased question from the Army Beta test. What makes this question biased?

Answer 14

Example : Having to draw a chimney on a house.

Explanation: Would be biased because people that didn’t grow up in an area where houses had chimneys would not realize that part of the house was missing. They may then get this question wrong not because that aren’t intelligent, but because they don’t have the necessary cultural knowledge to answer it.

Question 15

During World War I, the army used different tests to determine which position a new recruit might be best suited for.

Which two of Sternberg’s three types of intelligence that make up his Triarchic Theory of Intelligence are NOT typically measured by a standard IQ test? Give an example of how one of these types of intelligence might be useful for a person in the army.

Answer 15

Practical: Could be useful in the army because it involves ability to solve real-world problems, particularly problems involving other people. Someone with this type of intelligence might be good at diffusing fights between other members of the army.

Creative: Could be useful in the army because it involves coming up with novel and creative solutions to problems. Someone with this type of intelligence might be able to come up with an attack strategy that would take the enemy by surprise.

Question 16

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how well we can deal with it and what resources are available for coping. This process is called

Answer 16

secondary appraisal

Question 17

Young Jamal is asked whether it is right for a police officer to give a speeding ticket to a man who is driving his daughter to the hospital after a serious injury that left her with several broken bones. Which of the following answers would demonstrate the postconventional level of moral reasoning in Jamal?

a) “Speeding is breaking the rules, and when you break the rules you deserve to be punished.”
b) “Everyone speeds so he’s just doing what everyone else would do, so he shouldn’t get a ticket.”
c) “He broke the rules. He should get a ticket, but should have to pay less than someone who was speeding for no good reason.”
d) “The man was trying to get his daughter to help, and he wasn’t hurting anyone. As long as he doesn’t normally speed, he should be let off with a warning.”

Answer 17

D

Question 18

Little Ernesto calls all adult males “daddy” and is therefore using the process that Piaget called

Answer 18

assimilation

Question 19

Omarrah is worried about not passing her final exam. To cope with the stress, she has worked out a study timetable, arranged a quiet study area, and is making sure she has all the class notes. What type of coping is she using?

Answer 19

problem-focused

Question 20

You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. You have gotten to the point where you can sound out the words written in the Cyrillic alphabet, but you do not understand what any of the words mean. It appears as though you have mastered the _______ but still need to work on the _________.

Answer 20

phonemes; morphemes

Question 21

Harmony believes that vaccines are dangerous. She ignores the evidence demonstrating their safety and efficacy, and instead searches for the occasional studies that suggest that there may be risks associated with vaccines. This is an example of:

Answer 21

confirmation bias

Question 22

A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympic skaters. In addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one’s emotions is beneficial because it will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner’s types of intelligences, which two types should be the focus of the committee’s search?

Answer 22

bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal

Question 23

Which of the following items would most likely be found on a culture-free (i.e., unbiased) IQ test?

a) vocabulary recognition
b) visual pattern completion
c) digit span
d) arithmetic questions

Answer 23

B

Question 24

Ruth was given the following test:
She was shown liquid from a short fat container being poured into a tall skinny container and asked if the amount of liquid was the same.

Correctly name the test that Ruth was given and indicate the stage of cognitive development that Piaget said a child would be in when they are consistently able to successfully pass that test.

Answer 24

Conservation task. Consistently mastered during the concrete operations stage.

Question 25

Ruth was given the following test:
A doll was shown to her, then the doll was moved behind a blanket to see what Ruth would do.

Correctly name the test that Ruth was given and indicate the stage of cognitive development that Piaget said a child would be in when they are consistently able to successfully pass that test.

Answer 25

Object permanence task. Consistently mastered during the sensorimotor stage.

Question 26

Ruth was given the following test:
Ruth watched a skit involving a girl and a boy. The girl put a cookie in a box, then the girl went outside. The boy then moved the cookie from the box to a basket. The girl then came back from outside and Ruth was asked where the girl would search for the cookie.

Correctly name the test that Ruth was given and indicate the stage of cognitive development that Piaget said a child would be in when they are consistently able to successfully pass that test.

Answer 26

False belief task (or Sally Ann task). Consistently mastered during the preoperational stage.

Question 27

Ruth is part of a study with many other children. As part of this study, Ruth is given different cognitive tests throughout her childhood to examine her cognitive development.

What type of research design is being used in the study Ruth is involved in? Name one advantage and one disadvantage of this type of research design.

Answer 27

Longitudinal design.

Advantage: Doesn’t suffer from cohort effects; can give a better idea of what development effects occur in which order over time

Disadvantage: Time consuming; expensive; higher attrition rates

Question 28

List and give an example of each of the 3 stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome in response to stress

Answer 28

1) Alarm. (Autonomic nervous system is aroused and adrenaline is released.)
Example: Kimia is hiking in the woods and a bear suddenly crosses her path.

2) Resistance. (Adapt to the stressor and find ways to cope with it.)
Example: A bad storm is coming so all the members of a town start filling sandbags to help protect the town from the river’s rising water levels.

3) Exhaustion. (When stress goes on long-term, coping resources are depleted, and the body succumbs to damage from stress.)
Example: After a very stressful semester, Rui finally finishes his last final exam and almost immediately comes down with a bad cold.

Question 29

List one method that can be used to measure stress as a response

Answer 29

Examples include measuring heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, and levels of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol from either blood or saliva.

Question 30

As Jane has grown older and practiced reading more often, she has developed the ability to recognize
words by their appearance as opposed to having to sound them out. In this instance, Jane would be
employing ______ ______ _____________.

Answer 30

Whole word recognition

Question 31

A group of sixteen year-olds play a video game and find it entertaining. A group of forty year-olds
play the same video game and find it violent and disgusting. It is concluded that as people age, their views
on what is perceived as deviant behaviour change. The problem with this conclusion is that _______
________ studies cannot distinguish between age and cohort differences.

Answer 31

Cross sectional

Question 32

Catherine had surgery on her knee last month. Her physician regularly follows up with her and
monitors the healing of her knee. In addition, she does physiotherapy to help her regain strength in the
joint. _____________ medicine is the term that best describes her use of physiotherapy in this example.

Answer 32

Complementary

Question 33

Nick is a lawyer who has spent a great deal of his life learning all the theories, facts and history of the
legal field. His knowledge is best described as _____________ intelligence.

Answer 33

crystallized

Question 34

Beth is a toddler who lives on a farm with many horses. When her parents take her to the zoo and she
sees a zebra, she calls it a “striped horse”. This represents Piaget’s process of ______________.

Answer 34

assimilation

Question 35

Alexander is a fourth-year university student. He is nearing the end of his degree and is writing a
thesis so he can continue onto graduate school. The pressure of impressing the universities is getting to
him. To deal with this, he seeks support from his peers, and helps other students who are also writing their
theses. His response to his stress is known as _____ ____ __________.

Answer 35

tend and befriend

Question 36

In the word debug, “de” and “bug” are __________.

Answer 36

morphemes

Question 37

Sarah is trying to solve a complex mechanical problem on a car. In doing so, she generates as many
possible solutions as she can. This type of thinking is known as __________ ___________.

Answer 37

Divergent thinking

Question 38

Veronica was trying to choose her major as she would need to decide what path to take for a career. In
response to this stressful event, she began researching careers that interested her and what education
would be required. This type of coping is known as ____________ control.

Answer 38

informational

Question 39

Jacob likes to pretend his cardboard box is a television. He does not understand that others who were
not in the room do not know what he was watching on his pretend TV. Jacob is in the
__________________ stage of Piaget’s stages of development.

Answer 39

preoperational

Question 40

Research has shown that the ________ the age of acquisition of a language, the more likely a person
will become fluent in that language.

Answer 40

earlier

Question 41

Alice was doing research on the strange situation. In one of her trials, she noted a child got visibly
upset when his mother left the room. However, when the mother returned, he reached up to get picked up,
only to struggle to get away once she finally picked him up. The child in this situation exhibits the
_________________ attachment style.

Answer 41

insecure anxious

Question 42

Recent works have pointed towards chronic _________ (a characteristic of Type A personality) as
being a central risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Answer 42

hostility

Question 43

Research has shown people with a greater percentage of shared genes will tend to have _________ IQ correlations.

Answer 43

higher

Question 44

A person will be more likely to buy a part if their mechanic tells them there is an “80% chance a part
will fix their engine”, versus a “20% chance that it could cause the engine to seize”. This is an example of
__________ information.

Answer 44

framing

Question 45

Johnny is considered by others to have a lot of “street smarts” and has achieved great success in his
career, achieving promotions quicker than others. He would likely score high in __________ intelligence.

Answer 45

practical

Question 46

Michelle is trying to learn to ride a bike. She is unable to maintain balance on her own, however she
can do it with someone holding her up and training wheels. According to Vygotsky, her readiness to learn
with assistance is known as ______ ___ _________ ____________.

Answer 46

zone of proximal development

Question 47

Christine takes a test that assesses what she has learned this year in her auto mechanic class. This type
of test is called an ______________ test.

Answer 47

acheivement

Question 48

Max enters a restaurant. He takes a seat in the waiting area and waits for a host to come take him to
his table. He knows to do this because he has a ________ for being in a restaurant.

Answer 48

schema

Question 49

Anna’s semester has been stressful, but she does not want to quit because she has nearly completed
her degree and wants to graduate. She has been getting ill more often, feeling depressed, and her grades
have begun to fall. Anna would be considered to be in the ____________ stage of the general adaption
syndrome.

Answer 49

exhaustion

Question 50

Bob states “it’s awful in here”. At first glance, no one could understand what bob was referring to.
However, when he is seen wiping off his forehead and waving his hand in front of his face, we can infer
he is referring to the temperature. The added context given by Bob’s gestures is known as
_______________ ______________.

Answer 50

extralinguistic information

Question 51

Linda is trying to read some difficult handwriting on a page where some words are illegible. In
determining what the hard to read words are, she analyzes the entire sentence as a whole, filling in the
words based on what words she expects to be there. In this example, she is using _____________
________________.

Answer 51

top-down processing

Question 52

Chad is a 2 year-old toddler. He has recently began asking questions of his parents such as “what’s
this?” and “Where’s mommy?” These questions seem to indicate Chad believes his parents know
something that he does not and as a result indicate he has developed _________ ____ ______

Answer 52

theory of mind

Question 53

David is participating in the WAIS test. The administrator of the test provides him with a series of
numbers which he is to repeat back in a specific order. The goal of this exercise is to determine the largest
list of numbers David can remember. The subscale in this example is the ___________ ______ subscale.

Answer 53

working memory

Question 54

Tiffany knows she has an exam coming up in two weeks. To prepare for it, she schedules time in her
calendar to study a little each day from now until the exam. Her strategy for coping with the stress of the
upcoming exam is known as ___________ __________.

Answer 54

proactive coping

Question 55

Nicole is participating in a test where the researcher is asking her to identify a person’s emotions
based on their facial expression. This test would be measuring Nicole’s ______________ intelligence.

Answer 55

emotional

Question 56

Bobby’s brother has begun listening to classical music recently. Bobby has noticed that ever since his
brother began listening to classical music, his language skills have greatly improved. Bobby’s belief that
listening to classical music improves language skills is likely influenced by the ___________ fallacy.

Answer 56

post hoc

Question 57

Jared has upcoming exams that he has identified this as stressful events. Next, he looks at his calender
to see if he has adequate time to study for his exams. When Jared looks at his calender to assess his
coping resource of time, he is conducting a ___________ ____________.

Answer 57

secondary appraisal

Question 58

Belinda loves to watch the news. Lately, she has seen several stories about plane crashes and as such
has developed a fear of flying. Belinda’s fear was likely developed due to the ____________
___________, making her believe plane crashes occur more often then they actually do.

Answer 58

availability heuristic

Question 59

Data has shown that average IQ scores have increased at a rate of three points per decade. This
phenomenon is known as the _________ _________.

Answer 59

Flynn effect

Question 60

Stephanie was told that applying a face cream to her face would reduce her test anxiety during an
exam by balancing her ‘aura”. She applied the cream and when she went to take the exam, she felt little
to no anxiety. It is unlikely this cream balanced invisible forces. the more likely cause would be a
________ ________, produced when Stephanie was told the cream would reduce her test anxiety.

Answer 60

placebo effect

Question 61

Zack is presented with ten pennies equally spaced in two lines. He is then told to close his eyes while
another person spaces the top line of pennies further apart. The goal is to see if Zack recognizes the
number of pennies has not changed. This test is known as a ______________ task.

Answer 61

conservation

Question 62

Byron is trying to hit a nail into a piece of wood. He does not have a hammer around and feels he
cannot complete the task even though his has a brick right beside him. Byron’s inability to see that the
brick can be used as a hammer is best described as ____________ _____________.

Answer 62

functional fixedness

Question 63

Most experts agree that intelligence has something to do with _________ _____________, the
ability to understand hypothetical concepts.

Answer 63

abstract thinking

Question 64

Jane is stressed because she just failed a quiz. To cope with her stress, she tells herself that the quiz
only account for 0.5% of her final grade. By changing the way she thinks about her stressor, Jane is
utilizing _________ control to cope with stress.

Answer 64

cognitive

Question 65

________________ studies can control for cohort effects, but are often time-consuming and
susceptible to attrition

Answer 65

Longitudinal

Question 66

Blake is a young infant who is often scared by unfamiliar faces and loud noises. Kagan would
describe Blake’s temperament style as ______________ _____________.

Answer 66

behavioural inhibition

Question 67

__________ _____________ accounts for the overall differences in intelligence amongst people
while __________ __________ are a particular ability level in a narrow domain

Answer 67

General intelligence

Specific abilities

Question 68

Language allows us to create an infinite number of sentences, producing new statements, thoughts,
and ideas never previously uttered because it is _____________.

Answer 68

generative

Question 69

Darcy is confronted by a black bear. He knows he has two choices for dealing with the bear. He
could make himself appear bigger to scare the bear off, or run away and try to escape the bear. Darcy’s
choices indicate he is using a ________ ____ ________ response to dealing with the bear.

Answer 69

fight or flight