Final Exam Review Flashcards
As part of a large group of protesters, some people start breaking the windows of the banks on a famous street in Vancouver. This is an example of
a) Conformity
b) Obedience
c) Mass hysteria
d) Deindividuation
D
__________ refers to products and practices that are used along with conventional medicine, whereas _________ refers to health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine.
a) Complementary; alternative
b) Homeopathic; complementary
c) Alternative; complementary
d) Alternative; homeopathic
A
You are interested in how human temperament develops over time. If you are collecting data from different age groups at the same time (e.g., 3-year-olds, 12-year-olds, and 23-year-olds), then you are using a _____________ design.
a) Cohort
b) Longitudinal
c) Correlational
d) Cross-sectional
D
Results of several studies comparing twins that were raised apart or together have concluded that
a) Shared environments play a critical role in accounting for the variance in personalities of twins
b) Environmental influences are stronger determinants of personality than genetics
c) Nonshared environmental influences alter personality as much as shared environmental influences
d) Shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality
D
Nigel is a contestant on the game show Jeopardy!. In order to accurately answer the numerous trivia questions on the show, Nigel will be utilizing his __________ intelligence.
a) Specific
b) Crystallized
c) Practical
d) Fluid
B
Jon has an upcoming exam that is stressing him out. He chooses to engage in proactive coping and uses the study guide so that he knows what to expect from the exam questions. What type of control is Jon using to manage his stress?
a) Decisional control
b) Emotional control
c) Behavioural control
d) Informational control
D
Tommy is a rule-oriented and moral individual who is always ethical. When he takes on a responsibility, he is very conscientious and hard-working. According to Freud, Tommy’s psychological processes are dominated by his
a) Id
b) Ego
c) Super Ego
d) Defense mechanisms
C
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called
a) Agoraphobia
b) A panic attack
c) Social phobia
d) GAD
A
Tony is a therapist and one of his main methods for getting to know his clients’ issues is to instruct them to say whatever thoughts come to their minds, no matter how meaningless or nonsensical they might seem. At the end of this process, he interprets and discusses those thoughts with his clients. He is a ______________ therapist.
a) Psychodynamic
b) Humanistic
c) Cognitive-behavioural
d) Behavioural
A
Robin is completing an online survey and is asked the following questions: (1) How do you feel about property taxes? and (2) Do you think that property taxes should be raised this year? The first question is assessing Robin’s _____________ and the second question is assessing her _____________.
a) Belief; attitude
b) Attitude; belief
c) Schema; stereotype
d) Stereotype; schema
B
Donald has been diagnosed with a personality disorder, as well as an addictive disorder. What term is used for this dual diagnosis?
a) Categorical
b) Dimensional
c) Comorbid
d) Statistical rarity
C
Which term refers to the way that language allows an infinite number of unique sentences to be created, by combining components of language in novel ways?
a) Semantics
b) Generativity
c) Syntax
d) Extralinguistic information
B
It is very easy to hide things from infants because they lack an understanding of
a) Conservation
b) Object permanence
c) Formal operations
d) Egocentrism
B
What traits are significant predictors of academic achievement, above and beyond IQ scores?
a) Curiosity and grit
b) Wisdom and curiosity
c) Grit and gender
d) Curiosity and openness to experience
A
If we know that Ashley is 25 years old, outspoken on environmental and human rights issues, and presently on her way to an anti-nuclear weapons demonstration, we might come to the quick conclusion that she is also a feminist, because we associate feminism with other forms of activism. This mental shortcut demonstrates
a) An algorithm
b) The base rate fallacy
c) The availability heuristic
d) The representativeness heuristic
D
Which of the following disorder types and class of drug is INCORRECTLY matched?
a) Psychotic conditions – neuroleptics
b) Anxiety disorders – anxiolytics
c) Depression – mood stabilizers
d) Attention problems – psychostimulants
C
Describe the persuasion techniques of foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face (2 marks). Provide an example that distinguishes between the two techniques (2 marks). What route to persuasion do these techniques use? (1 mark)
Foot-in-the-door: Start with a small request before making a larger one.
Door-in-the-face: Start with a large request before making a smaller one
Oscar and Olivia are going door to door asking for donations for a charity. Their goal is to get a $25 donation from each person. Oscar uses the foot-in-the-door technique and first asks for a $5 donation. Once the person agrees, he asks if they’d like to increase their donation to $25. Olivia uses the door-in-the-face technique and first asks for $60. When the person at the door declines, she then asks for $25.
These techniques both use the peripheral route to persuasion.
Briefly describe the main ideas that lead to the development of personality from the i) Psychodynamic perspective, ii) Behavioural perspective, and iii) Humanistic perspective (3 marks). Which two perspectives propose that personality is deterministic (2 marks)?
Psychodynamic: Unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences shape our personalities. Personality is determined (i.e., All of our actions are products of pre-existing causal influences) and doesn’t change much after childhood.
Behavioural: Personality comes from our learning histories (i.e., our history of being reinforced or punished for certain things). Our personalities are basically a collection of our habits. Also believe personality is determined (i.e., we don’t have much free will or ability to consciously change our personalities).
Humanistic: All humans have a drive to reach their full potential and human nature is basically good. Where we are on our journey towards self-actualization (reaching our full potential) explains our personality. Rejects the idea that personality is determined and proposes we have free will to consciously change and grow throughout life.
Psychodynamic and Behavioural perspectives propose personality is deterministic.
Which perspective on personality development focused on the concept of the self, and on self-actualization?
a) Trait
b) Psychoanalytic
c) Humanistic
d) Behavioural
C
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are most often used to treat which of the following psychological disorders?
a) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
b) Schizophrenia
c) Major Depressive Disorder
d) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
C
We could consider depression as ranging from absent, to mild, to serious, to severe, and then choose treatments that are appropriate for each level of severity. What type of approach is this?
a) Categorical
b) Dimensional
c) Comorbid
d) Subjective
B
Which of the following options is an example of ‘upward social comparison’?
a) Comparing yourself to an ideal form of yourself
b) Comparing yourself to a role model
c) Comparing your skills now to your skills from five years ago
d) Comparing yourself to someone in a terrible situation
B
In the Strange Situation, an infant cries when mom leaves the room, is easily soothed and starts exploring, and later welcomes mom when she returns. This infant demonstrates _________ attachment.
a) Insecure-avoidant
b) Insecure-ambivalent
c) Secure
d) Disorganized
C
The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.
a) Foot-in-the-door
b) Door-in-the-face
c) Low-ball
d) ‘But you are free’
A
Following elections, there are generally a lot of people who claim that it was obvious from the beginning that the winning candidate would be successful. This example illustrates which concept
a) Confirmation bias
b) Hindsight bias
c) Representativeness heuristic
d) Availability heuristic
B
When stressed, research has found that women tend to cope by using a(n) ______________ strategy more often than men.
a) Fight-or-flight
b) Freeze
c) Avoidance
d) Tend and befriend
D
According to the triarchic model of intelligence, which type of intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems?
a) Analytical intelligence
b) Creative intelligence
c) Practical intelligence
d) Exponential intelligence
B
A small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to environmental pollution. The researchers will compare data on the same participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a
a) Longitudinal design
b) Cross-sectional design
c) Cohort research design
d) Correlational research design
A
Which of the following options is true concerning “twin study” research findings?
a) Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins
b) Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations
c) Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins
d) Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart
C
Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria’s case represents an example of abnormality?
a) Biological dysfunction
b) Social context
c) Subjective distress
d) Statistical rarity
C
What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client’s awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties?
a) Behavioural
b) Insight
c) Cognitive
d) Biological
B
What is Freud’s term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when internal conflict becomes too intense?
a) Superego
b) Coping techniques
c) Ego dominance
d) Defence mechanisms
D
In the General Adaptation Syndrome, during which stage are you most likely to catch a cold or flu?
a) Alarm
b) Resistance
c) Exhaustion
d) Burn Out
C
Which of the following would you expect from a baby who was raised by deaf parents?
a) An absence of babbling
b) Delayed language development
c) Babbling with their hands
d) Greater activation of language and visual areas of the brain
C
Briefly contrast cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and behavioural therapy (2 marks). Give an example of a negative thought that a therapist might have a client challenge in a CBT session (1 mark). Give one example of evidence supporting the negative thought and two examples of evidence contradicting the negative thought (1 mark). Describe a more balanced thought that a CBT therapist would help the client come up with (1 mark).
Cognitive behavioural therapy focuses on underlying negative thought patterns. The idea is that if we can change our negative thought patterns, we can change our resulting negative emotions and behaviours.
Behavioural therapy focuses on maladaptive behaviours. The goal is to have the client behave in a more adaptive way without focusing on potential underlying causes of the maladaptive behaviour.
Negative thought: I’m no good at my job
Supporting Evidence: My boss never tells me I’m doing a good job.
Contradicting Evidence: I have never been reprimanded by my boss for not doing a good job. My boss recently asked me to take on additional responsibilities at work.
Balanced thought: Even though my boss doesn’t say it verbally, her behaviours suggest I’m doing a good job at work.
Define Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Phobias (2 marks). Provide an example that distinguishes between these two diagnoses (2 marks). Which categories of disorders in the DSM 5 do these two diagnoses fall under? (1 mark).
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning.
Phobias: Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat.
Kasra has GAD and spends much of his day worrying about a variety of aspects of his life. He worries about his grades in courses, that his boss doesn’t think he’s doing a good job at work, that his friends talk about him behind his back, that his dog might have a hip problem, and that he doesn’t have enough money saved in the bank. He spends much of his day worrying and finds it difficult to control his worry.
Kimia has a phobia of needles and therefore avoids getting injections. She never gets her annual flu shot due to this phobia. Whenever she is forced to get an injection or have blood drawn, she feels sweaty and clammy and like she might faint. She doesn’t worry much about other aspects of her life.
GAD and phobias are both classified as anxiety disorders in the DSM V.
Jonathan is a therapist who believes that thinking influences emotions and behaviours. He is most likely a
a) Cognitive-behavioural therapist
b) Behavioural therapist
c) Humanistic therapist
d) Psychoanalytic therapist
A
