Psycholinguistics part 3

Question 1

Types of speech errors

Answer 1

• Word-level errors, including substitutions, blends, and exchanges
• Morpheme-level errors, including exchanges
• Sound-level errors, including anticipations, preservations, and exchanges

Question 2

Planning units

Answer 2

Segments that change and move in speech errors can be thought of as planning units in the production of an utterance, i.e. When words are selected (from the lexicon), we don’t retrieve them
first as whole units but as abstract ‘slots’

Question 3

Two-stage model

Answer 3

Conceptualizes two intermediary mental representations between a concept and the word:

The lemma: abstract mental representation of a word containing only syntactic + semantic info
The lexeme: complete mental representation of a word containing syntactic + semantic + phonological info

Question 4

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon as evidence for the two stage model

Answer 4

State of mind experience by speakers who have retrieved the lemma but not the lexeme

Question 5

Meyer (1996) as evidence for the two-stage model

Answer 5

Participants are given two pictures which they must describe with a sentence of the form ‘the X is next to the Y’. Prior to describing the pictures, they are given a distractor word either semantically related or phonologically related to word X or Y.

Results:
Distractor semantically related to word X: slowest production time
Distractor phonologically related to word X: fastest production time
Distractor semantically related to word Y: slow production time
Distractor phonologically related to word Y: no effect

This indicates there is a larger scope of planning for the lemma than the lexeme, i.e. At X, speakers are planning for the lemma and the lexeme, but at Y. speakers are only planning for the lemma

Question 6

Claims about the order of conceptual and linguistic planning

Answer 6

• Griffin and Bock (2000): conceptual plan occurs before linguistic planning
• Gleitman (2007): linguistic planning can precede conceptual planning
• Konopka & Meyer (2014): Order of planning may depend on the complexity of the event

Question 7

Factors that affect syntactic choice

Answer 7

• Conceptual message intended, i.e. two forms of the same sentence may denote subtly different concepts
• Lexical choice, ex. certain verbs work better for certain structures
• Syntactic priming, i.e. a sentence structure just heard is likely to be replicated
• Semantic priming / Accessibility, i.e. a prime might make one word more accessible than another to start a sentence with, informing the structure of the rest of the sentence
• Memory pressures, i.e. the most accessible words/phrases are chosen first

Question 8

Heavy NP-shift

Answer 8

Tendency for long NPs to be moved to the end of the sentence

Question 9

Interactive model

Question 10

Mixed errors

Answer 10

• Lexical bias effect
• Self-monitoring