Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Flashcards
Who are Freud’s intellectual descendants in his contemporaries in psychoanalysis?
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Erik Erikson
Who are Freud’s intellectual descendants in subsequent generation in psychoanalysis?
His daughter Anna Freud, Harry Stack Sullivan, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, D. W. Winnicott, and Heinz Kohut
At various points in the evolution of his theory by others, Freud’s original term psychoanalysis was replaced by terms such as ______________________, ______________________, and ____________________.
- psychoanalytic psychotherapy
- neo-Freudian therapy
- psychodynamic psychotherapy
The primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is to __________________________________
make the unconscious conscious
Psychodynamic psychotherapists help their clients become aware of _________________, ________________, and __________________.
thoughts, feelings, and other mental activities
This fundamental idea—the existence of the __________________—is one of Freud’s most important and enduring contributions to clinical psychology
unconscious
Freud changed the way we think about ourselves by proposing “mental processes that are ___________ the awareness of the individual and that have important, powerful influences on ______________ experiences”
outside, conscious
They argue that unconscious processes underlie all other forms of _________________ that clinical psychologists treat
psychopathology
Rather than understanding a client’s unconscious in an empirical, factual way, psychodynamic psychotherapists understand it through ____________, __________, and ____________.
inference, deduction, and conjecture
Psychodynamic psychotherapists try to “read” their clients and hypothesize about their unconscious activity using the following processes:
- Free Associaton
- Freudian Slips
- Dreams
- Resistance
- Defense Mechanisms
- Transference
It is a technique in which psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all.
Free association
Free association involves no ________________ at all from the therapist.
stimulus
According to psychodynamic psychotherapists, all our behavior is determined; there is no such thing as a random mistake, accident, or slip. So, if a behavior can’t be explained by motivations of which we are aware, unconscious motivations must be the cause. This is known as ________________.
Freudian “Slips”
Freud theorized that when we sleep, our minds convert latent content to manifest content. This process is
called __________________.
dream work
These are the raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious
latent content
These the actual plot of the dream as we remember it
manifest content
Sigmund Freud (1900) famously called dreams the “_____________” to unconscious material.
royal road
Sometimes, when certain issues come up during the course of therapy, clients make it clear that they “don’t want to go there.” Psychodynamic psychotherapists have a name for this client behavior: ___________________.
resistance
Freud’s structural model of the mind includes three forces, the interaction of which takes place largely outside our awareness: _________, ___________, _________
id, superego, and ego
According to Freud, it is the part of the mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses. It seeks immediate satisfaction of its wishes, most of which are biological in nature, and is oblivious to any consequences.
id
According to Freud, it is the part of the mind that establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions. It tells us what we “should” do, and it often uses guilt to discourage us from overindulging in immediate pleasure.
superego
Whereas Freud believed the id was inborn, he theorized that the superego became a part of the mind through experiences with authority figures, especially _______________
parents
According to Freud, it is a mediator, a compromise maker between the id and the superego. It faces the challenge of partially satisfying both of these opposing forces while also meeting the demands of reality
ego
Over time, the ego develops a collection of techniques on which it can rely and handle the id/superego conflict. It is this set of techniques that Freud and his followers call ____________________
defense mechanisms
When the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can take the impulse and the internal conflict it creates and “sweep them under the rug” so that we never even become aware we had them in the first place.
Repression
It is a similar defense mechanism to repression, but it usually refers to events that happen to us rather than impulses that come from within us.
Denial
When the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, we try to convince ourselves that the unacceptable impulse belongs to someone else, not to ourselves
Projection
When the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can form a reaction against the id impulse—essentially, do the exact opposite. So when the id urges us to do something selfish, we don’t simply resist the temptation; we do something selfless, as if overcompensating for the original id impulse.
Reaction formation
Rather than aiming the id’s desired action at whom or what it wants, we redirect the impulse toward another person or object to minimize the repercussions—this way, the superego is somewhat satisfied as well.
Displacement
The phrase “kicking the dog” has been used to describe _________________, illustrating how the ego can reroute destructive urges.
displacement
When the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can redirect it in such a way that the resulting behavior actually benefits others.
Sublimation
Some have argued that Freud’s concept of the id would be better translated as “____”: the part of you that is animalistic rather than human (not “he” or “she”)
it
The superego might be better understood as the “__________”: an internalization of the rules and demands that came from authority figures, especially parents.
over-me
And ego, therefore, refers to “___”: the person negotiating between the demands for instant pleasure and the demands to follow rules
me
Of all the ways to access a client’s unconscious material, ________________ may be most essential to the psychodynamic approach. It is “generally regarded as the most important focus” of psychodynamic psychotherapy and is seen as “the most powerful tool” of those who conduct it.
transference
It refers to clients’ tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the clients’ pasts.
Transference
The “_______________” role of the psychodynamic psychotherapist is essential to the transference process. Psychodynamic psychotherapists typically reveal very little about themselves to their clients through either verbal or nonverbal communication
blank screen
One more note on the blank screen role—in the _______________ age, it is increasingly difficult, and perhaps impossible, for therapists to maintain it. Research shows that many clients google their therapists, either before or after therapy has begun
Internet
it’s important to remember that therapists are people, too, and just as clients can transfer onto therapists, therapists can transfer onto clients. Psychodynamic psychotherapists call this transference by therapists toward clients ___________________, and, generally, they strive to minimize it because it involves a reaction to the client that is unconsciously distorted by the therapist’s own personal experiences
countertransference
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development is composed of _______, ________, _________, _________, and ________
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
It refers to the idea that as children move through the developmental stages, they may become emotionally “stuck” at any one of them to some extent and may continue to struggle with issues related to that stage for many years, often well into adulthood.
Fixation
Although fixation can happen for a variety of reasons, most often it occurs when parents do either “_________” or “_________” in response to the child’s needs at a certain developmental point.
too much, too little
It takes place during roughly the first year and a half of a child’s life. During this time, the child experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth, and feeding (breast or bottle) is the focal issue.
oral stage
Kids whose parents mismanage this stage may display blatantly “________” behaviors later in life: smoking, overeating, drinking, nail biting, and so on. Many of the consequences are not so obvious, however.
oral
According to psychodynamic theory, a primary issue at the oral stage is __________
dependency
If children are overindulged during the oral stage, they may develop ________________________________________
overly trusting, naive, unrealistically optimistic personalities
If parents are not responsive enough during the oral stage, such children may develop _______________________________________
overly mistrusting, suspicious, and
unrealistically pessimistic personalities
It occurs when the child is about 1.5 to 3 years old.
anal stage
___________________ is a primary task of anal stage.
Toilet training
____________ is the central issue of this anal stage
Control
If parents are too demanding of children at anal stage, children can become ___________________________
overly concerned about getting everything just right and who think obsessively and behave compulsively in order to stay in control
If parents are too lenient toward children at anal stage, children can become ___________________________
lax about organization, and this trait can continue into adulthood
It takes place from about age 3 to about age 6, is one of Freud’s most controversial. In fact, many of the ideas originally contained in Freud’s description of this stage, especially those closely tied to gender-specific biology, have fallen out of favor and are widely disputed by contemporary psychodynamic psychotherapists
phallic stage
When parents respond too positively during phallic stage, children may ______________________________________
grow into adults whose opinions of themselves are so unrealistically high that they strike others as arrogant or egotistical
When parents reject their children during the phallic stage, the children can ________________________
grow up to become adults who devalue themselves and are overly insecure and self-doubting
Most of the revisions in Freud’s psychodynamic psychotherapy have deemphasized the ______________ and ___________ elements of the theory.
biological and sexual
_____________________, through his _____________________________ theory, revised Freud’s psychosexual stages to highlight social relationships and emphasized the adaptive tendencies of the ego over the pleasure-based drive of the id.
Erik Erikson, eight-stage theory of development
The ____________________, led by Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Ronald Fairbairn, and others, deemphasized internal conflict (id vs. superego) and instead emphasized relationships between internalized “objects” (essentially, important people from the client’s life
object relations school
The ___________________ of Hans Kohut and others emphasizes parental roles in the child’s development of self, with special attention paid to the meaning of narcissism at various points, including in therapy
self-psychology school
__________________was one such critic of Freud, publishing numerous articles and books in the early to mid-1900s that opposed many of Freud’s ideas, including his assumptions that females felt inherently inferior and envious toward males.
Karen Horney
Two forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy
- Interpersonal Therapy
- Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy
It is designed to last about 14 to 20 sessions, and, as such, its goals are more focused and limited than structural change of the entire personality. Its methods are outlined in a manual with specific therapeutic guidelines. It focuses on current interpersonal relationships and role expectations and tends to deemphasize some of the aspects of more traditional psychodynamic psychotherapy related to intrapsychic structure and childhood fixations
Interpersonal Therapy
The _____________ of IPT involves categorizing the client’s problems into one of the four categories listed above (role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, and grief).
first stage
The _________________ (10–12 sessions) of IPT emphasize improving the client’s problems as identified in the first stage. Common psychodynamic methods are used, including a focus on current emotions, explorations of transference, and resistance
intermediate sessions
The ______________ (2–4 sessions) of IPT involves a review of the client’s accomplishments, recognition of the client’s capacity to succeed over depression without the therapist’s continued help, and efforts to prevent relapse
final stage
It is a variation of IPT that is specifically designed for clients with bipolar disorder. It augments IPT with efforts to control and stabilize daily rhythms, sleep/wake cycles, and social
interactions.
Interpersonal and Social
Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)
It is a modern application of the classic and often-referenced concept of the “corrective emotional experience”. Clients will bring to therapy the same transference issues that they bring to many of their other relationships, and the therapist’s task is to make sure that this time, the interaction will end differently.
Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP)
The therapist’s primary task in TLDP is to identify the “_________” that the client appears to be unknowingly following. This is the by-product of previous relationships (often with parents), in which the client learned what to expect from others.
script
When therapists conduct TLDP, they often use a visual diagram called the __________________________
cyclical maladaptive pattern
The cyclical maladaptive pattern is a working model of the client’s primary issues organized into four categories: _____________ (how a person actually behaves in public; e.g., how a client interacts in a job interview); ___________________________(“I’m sure the interviewer didn’t like me”); _________________________ (the interviewer says, “Your application looks great. We’ll call you in the next 2 weeks,” and the client interprets this as rejection); and ________________________ (the client tells self, “You are such a failure,” and spends next day alone and
miserable).
- acts of self
- expectations about others’ reactions
- acts of others toward the self
- acts of the self toward the self
They refer to the influence of researchers’ own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical studies
Allegiance effects
The word often used by psychodynamic therapists and clients alike captures this phenomenon—looking inside oneself and noticing something that had previously gone unseen
Insight
A technique created by Carl Jung, wherein after hearing each word, the client is to respond with the first word that comes to mind.
Word association
