Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Flashcards
These disorders are those in which the child “acts out” and often becomes a disruption to parents, teachers, or other children. These disorders include ADHD, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder.
Externalizing disorders
These disorders are often less noticeable because they involve maladaptive thoughts and feelings more than disruptive outward behavior. Depression and anxiety disorders are examples in children.
Internalizing disorders
Factors that contribute to child’s vulnerability to develop psychological disorders
- Environmental factors
- Parental factors
- Child (internal) factors
A factor to a child’s vulnerability, such as poverty, serious emotional conflict among parents, single parenthood, an excessive number of children in the home, neighborhood or community
factors, and poor schooling
Environmental factors
A factor to a child’s vulnerability, such as poor parental physical health, poor parent mental health, low parent intelligence quotient (IQ), and hypercritical tendencies in the parent
Parental factors
A factor to a child’s vulnerability, such as medical problems, difficult temperament, low IQ, poor academic achievement, and social skills deficits
Child (internal) factors
Factors that contribute to resilience in children
- external support
- inner strengths
- interpersonal problem-solving skills
The fixed theory d (“I’m shy, and there’s nothing I can do about it”) in children is often called an “__________” theory, and the malleable theory (“I’m shy, but I can overcome it”) is often called an “__________” theory
entity, incremental
It involves such parties as parents, relatives, teachers, other school personnel, and, of course, the child as sources of information regarding the child’s problems
Multisource assessment
It involves the use of different methods of data collection by the clinical psychologist, such as interviews, pencil-and paper instruments completed by the child or those who know the child well, direct observation of the child’s behavior, and other techniques.
Multimethod assessment
It acknowledges that sometimes children’s problems pervade all facets of their lives, but sometimes they are specific to certain situations. Thus, it is wise to solicit data from home, school, the clinician’s office, and any other relevant setting.
Multisetting assessment
It may require traveling to the setting where the behavior problem takes place, such as the child’s school or home. Once there, the clinical psychologist typically uses a formal, systematic method of observing and coding the child’s behavior.
Behavioral observation
In an ______________, the observer simply counts the number of occurrences of a target behavior within a relatively long time frame.
event based system
One concern regarding direct observation of behavior involves ___________. That is, children’s behavior may change simply because of their awareness of the presence of the observer.
reactivity
It is an observation of a behavior in the place where it actually happens
naturalistic direct observation
It typically takes place in the clinic room, where the real-life situation is simulated. By definition, it may not perfectly match the real-world situation in which the problem behavior arises. Nonetheless, it can be an important addition to secondhand descriptions of the problem behavior.
analogue direct observation
These are standardized pencil-and-paper forms that parents, teachers, or other adults complete regarding a child’s presenting problems. They typically consist of a list of behaviors, each of which is followed by a range of responses from which the respondent chooses the one most applicable to the child.
Behavior rating scales
Advantages of behavior rating scales include their ____________, ____________, and _________.
convenience, inexpensiveness, objectivity
Disadvantages of behavior rating scales include the fact that they __________ respondents from elaborating on their responses and the possibility that the scale items do not adequately capture the child’s problem behavior
restrict
These are used in the assessment of children include some of the same tests used with adults, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Method, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and sentence-completion techniques, as well as others that are more exclusive to children
Projective/Expressive Techniques
It is an adaptation of the TAT storytelling test that features animal rather than human characters, about which young clients are asked to tell a story.
Children’s Apperception Test
It is a test wherein the client is given blank paper and is simply instructed to draw a whole person
Draw-a-Person test
It is technique wherein the client is tasked to create a drawing consists of the client’s family engaged in some activity.
Kinetic Family Drawing
This test requires a drawing of the three items listed in its title
House-Tree-Person Test
As in most projective or expressive techniques, drawing techniques tend to rely on _________ (rather than empirically based processes) during the interpretation process, a tendency that brings their reliability and validity into question
inference
It is a form of treatment in which therapists teach kids behaviors that improve their interactions with others. These works well for kids with a wide range of problems, but it is used most often with kids who have autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety disorder, and ADHD.
Social skills training
The second behavioral treatment, which relies heavily on operant conditioning principles like reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction. Therapist helps a child by first identifying and defining very specific behaviors to target. The goal can be an increase in frequency, such as a child making direct eye contact, getting dressed appropriately, or using the toilet alone. Or the goal can be a decrease in frequency, such as a child injuring others or himself/herself
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
It is essentially a form of cognitive therapy in which children are taught to “talk through” situations in which their behavior might be problematic to increase the likelihood that they will use a preferred behavior instead
Self-instructional training
It is “designed to nurture a problem-solving attitude and to engender specific cognitive strategies that clients can use at various phases of their stress response”
Self-instructional training
Rather than changing “cognitions” per se, therapists who use self-instructional training introduce new “___________” to their clients.
self-statements
It is a form of behavioral therapy in which therapists teach parents to use techniques based on conditioning to modify problematic behavior in their children
Parent training
The _____________ to children’s behavior problems “utilizes parents as the primary agents of change for their children. It is, after all, the parents who construct and manage the child’s environment”
parent training approach
It is a form of treatment unique to child clients. Typically used with younger kids (preschool or elementary-school age), it allows children to communicate via actions with objects such as dollhouses, action figures, and toy animals rather than words
Play therapy
lay therapy has taken many forms, but two of the most commonly practiced stem from ___________ and __________________.
psychodynamic, humanistic theories
The applied work of clinical child psychologists overlaps with that of medical professionals.
Pediatric Psychology
Kids learn a sequence of steps that have already been created for the type of problem the child has
Problem-solving strategies
The emphasis on this is the recognition, differentiation, and expression of emotions.
Affective Education
A child’s play symbolically communicates important processes occurring within the child’s mind, “revealing aspects of the child’s internal life of which he or she may be unaware and unable to verbalize directly”
Psychodynamic Play Therapy
Children play with objects in the playroom, therapists participate and observe, and the underlying assumption is that the activities and themes in the play express the inner workings of the child’s mind.
Humanistic Play Therapy
