Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies

Question 1

The eventual leaders of the cognitive therapy movement grew disillusioned
with the psychoanalytic method in which they and most of their
cohorts were trained.

Answer 1

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

Question 2

They sought a new approach to therapy
that addressed clients’ symptoms more directly, focused less on
the past and more on the present, and produced positive results
more efficiently

Answer 2

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

Question 3

the goal of cognitive therapy is ______________________

Answer 3

logical thinking

Question 4

cognitive therapists fundamentally presume that ______________

Answer 4

the way we think about events determines the way we respond

Question 5

two-step model in cognitive therapy

Answer 5

things happen (event) and those things directly influence our (feelings)

Question 6

three-step model in cognitive therapy

Answer 6

Things happen (event), we interpret those things (cognition), and those interpretations directly influence our (feelings)

Question 7

two-step model vs three-step model

Answer 7

Event - Feeling
Event - Cognition - Feeling

Question 8

Cognitive therapists explicitly include in their duties the education of their clients about the cognitive approach. In other words, cognitive therapists often function as teachers with their clients.

Answer 8

Teaching as a Therapy Tool

Question 9

Cognitive therapists strongly believe that much of the work of therapy is conducted between sessions. Much like the time between class meetings of a college course, the time between therapy sessions is used to explore and confirm the lessons learned during the meetings.

Answer 9

Homework

Question 10

Cognitive therapists strive to achieve a positive therapy outcome quite quickly—typically, in fewer than 15 sessions, but significantly longer in complex or severe cases. For outpatients, sessions typically take place once per week, eventually tapering off in frequency as the client improves.

Answer 10

A Brief, Structured, Focused Approach

Question 11

TWO APPROACHES TO
COGNITIVE THERAPY

Answer 11

• rational emotive behavior therapy
  (REBT)
  -cognitive therapy

Question 12

The central theme of this is that man is a uniquely rational, as well as uniquely irrational animal; that his emotional or psychological disturbances are largely a result of his thinking illogically or irrationally; and that he can rid himself of most of his emotional or mental unhappiness, ineffectuality, and disturbance if he learns to maximize his rational and minimize his irrational thinking.

Answer 12

rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT).

Question 13

By creating this model, Ellis was
able to frame the essential aspects of cognitive therapy into an accessible acronym that enabled its use by thousands of therapists and clients.

Answer 13

ABCDE Model

Question 14

Meaning of ABCDE [model]

Answer 14

Activating event (A)
Belief (B),
emotional Consequence (C)
Dispute (D)
Effective new belief (E)

Question 15

According to _____
irrational beliefs are toxic because they function as rigid, dogmatic demands that we apply
to ourselves

Answer 15

Albert Ellis

Question 16

An important part of Beck’s theory of depression is his notion of the _______, in which he argues that three particular cognitions—thoughts
about the self, the external world, and the future—all contribute to our mental health.

Answer 16

cognitive triad

Question 17

• a brief description of the event/situation,
• automatic thoughts about the event/situation (and the extent to which the client
  believes these thoughts),
• emotions (and their intensity),
• an adaptive response (identifying the distortion in the automatic thought and
  challenging it), and
• outcome (emotions after the adaptive response has been identified and the
  extent to which the client still believes the automatic thoughts).

Answer 17

dysfunctional thought record

Question 18

common thought distortions include the following:

Answer 18

• All-or-nothing thinking
• Catastrophizing
• Magnification/minimization
• Personalization
• Overgeneralization
• Mental filtering
• Mind reading

Question 19

Irrationally evaluating everything as either wonderful
or terrible, with no middle ground or “gray area”

Answer 19

All-or-nothing thinking:

Question 20

Expecting the worst in the future, when, realistically, it’s
unlikely to occur

Answer 20

Catastrophizing:

Question 21

For negative events, “making a mountain out of a molehill”; for positive events, playing down their importance

Answer 21

Magnification/minimization:

Question 22

Assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events

Answer 22

Personalization:

Question 23

Applying lessons learned from negative experiences more
broadly than is warranted

Answer 23

Overgeneralization:

Question 24

Ignoring positive events while focusing excessively on
negative events

Answer 24

Mental filtering:

Question 25

Presuming to know that others are thinking critically or
disapprovingly, when knowing what they think is, in fact, impossible

Answer 25

Mind reading:

Question 26

Beck argued that our beliefs are ______, even though we may live our lives as if our beliefs are proven facts

Answer 26

hypotheses

Question 27

What are the Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies

Answer 27

• “third-wave” therapies, referring to the evolution
• from strict behaviorism (first wave)
• to cognitive therapy (second wave) to these newer
  therapies

Question 28

Mindfulness lies at the core of the ____-wave therapies

Answer 28

third-wave

Question 29

“refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to
whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or ‘hooked’
by judging or wishing things were otherwise”

Answer 29

Mindfulness

Question 30

“an innate human capacity to deliberately pay full attention
to where we are, to our actual experience, and to learn from it. This can be
contrasted with living on automatic pilot and going through our day without
really being there”

Answer 30

Mindfulness

Question 31

mindfulness is the term that often replaced ___ (this practices became more popular in the Western world and became less connected to religion practices or meditation)

Answer 31

Zen

Question 32

Once the relationship with thoughts is changed in this way, individuals may find it easier to face unpleasant thoughts (or feelings or sensations) rather than avoiding them. That is, rather than engaging in ___________, as third-wave therapists call it, the individual can engage in acceptance

Answer 32

experiential avoidance

Question 33

is an approach to the treatment of addictive behaviors such as
smoking or drinking, or any other behavior in which clients struggle with unwanted urges, that encourages clients to relate differently to their urges than they have before

Answer 33

Urge surfing

Question 34

The goal of this approach is not to stop, suppress, or fight the urges, as other forms of therapy might encourage; instead, the goal is to experience them, to “ride” or “surf” them like a wave that will rise and then inevitably subside, and to realize that they are temporary and not all-powerful.

Answer 34

urge surfing

Question 35

in this therapy, acceptance means facing one’s internal fears.

Answer 35

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).

Question 36

The C in ACT refers to??

Answer 36

a commitment to one’s own personal values

Question 37

The A in ACT refers to??

Answer 37

Acceptance

Question 38

T in ACT refers to??

Answer 38

taking action consistent
with one’s own personal values

Question 39

FEAR stands for

Answer 39

• Fusion with inner experiences (thoughts, feelings, and sensations)
• Evaluation of self
• Avoidance of unpleasant inner experiences via such means as distracting or numbing oneself
• Reason-giving, or leaning too heavily on rationalizations that sound legitimate
  but actually perpetuate unhealthy approaches to life.

Question 40

was developed by Marsha Linehan specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder

Answer 40

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Question 41

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was developed by ??

Answer 41

Marsha Linehan

Question 42

A few core practices are central to DBT:

Answer 42

problem solving, validation, and dialectics

Question 43

The primary idea is that the activating event can be a cognition itself rather than some external occurrence.

Answer 43

metacognitive therapy

Question 44

based on metacognitive therapy, the cause of our unhappiness is just as
likely to be ___________ as thoughts about external events

Answer 44

thoughts about thoughts

Question 45

It is a relatively recent variation of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapy intended for clients who have borderline personality disorder or other long-standing,complex clinical issues.

Answer 45

Schema therapy

Question 46

they are likely to develop schemas, or deep-seated cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others, that match their experience but are maladaptive as they move forward in life.

Answer 46

when young children experience
poor parenting (such as parents who are rejecting, unloving, abusive, unavailable, etc.)

Question 47

These thoughts take place in an instant
and without any deliberation.

Answer 47

Automatic thoughts

Question 48

Clients are asked to keep a record of events, cognitions, feelings, and attempts to revise the cognitions to change the feelings they experience.

Answer 48

Homework is written

Question 49

Clients are asked to perform certain behaviors before the next meeting, typically for the purpose of examining the validity of an illogical thought.

Answer 49

Homework is behavioral

Question 50

Emotional dysregulation is thought to stem from two sources: ________________- and ______________.

Answer 50

biological predisposition and environment

Question 51

The four specific modules of skills training within DBT

Answer 51

1. Emotion regulation
2. Distress tolerance
3. Interpersonal effectiveness
4. Mindfulness skills

Question 52

a specific module skill training within DBT, which is about identifying, describing, and accepting rather than avoiding

Answer 52

Emotional regulation

Question 53

a specific module skill training within DBT, which is about emphasizing the development of self-soothing techniques and impulse control

Answer 53

Distress tolerance

Question 54

a specific module skill training within DBT, which helps clients determine appropriately assertive social skills

Answer 54

Interpersonal effectiveness

Question 55

a specific module skill training within DBT, which encourage clients to engage fully in their present lives

Answer 55

Mindfulness skills

Question 56

It is a term that describes a brooding, ruminative, problematic thinking style that can underlie many psychological problems.

Answer 56

Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS)