Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies Flashcards
The eventual leaders of the cognitive therapy movement grew disillusioned
with the psychoanalytic method in which they and most of their
cohorts were trained.
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
They sought a new approach to therapy
that addressed clients’ symptoms more directly, focused less on
the past and more on the present, and produced positive results
more efficiently
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
the goal of cognitive therapy is ______________________
logical thinking
cognitive therapists fundamentally presume that ______________
the way we think about events determines the way we respond
two-step model in cognitive therapy
things happen (event) and those things directly influence our (feelings)
three-step model in cognitive therapy
Things happen (event), we interpret those things (cognition), and those interpretations directly influence our (feelings)
two-step model vs three-step model
Event - Feeling
Event - Cognition - Feeling
Cognitive therapists explicitly include in their duties the education of their clients about the cognitive approach. In other words, cognitive therapists often function as teachers with their clients.
Teaching as a Therapy Tool
Cognitive therapists strongly believe that much of the work of therapy is conducted between sessions. Much like the time between class meetings of a college course, the time between therapy sessions is used to explore and confirm the lessons learned during the meetings.
Homework
Cognitive therapists strive to achieve a positive therapy outcome quite quickly—typically, in fewer than 15 sessions, but significantly longer in complex or severe cases. For outpatients, sessions typically take place once per week, eventually tapering off in frequency as the client improves.
A Brief, Structured, Focused Approach
TWO APPROACHES TO
COGNITIVE THERAPY
- rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT)
-cognitive therapy
The central theme of this is that man is a uniquely rational, as well as uniquely irrational animal; that his emotional or psychological disturbances are largely a result of his thinking illogically or irrationally; and that he can rid himself of most of his emotional or mental unhappiness, ineffectuality, and disturbance if he learns to maximize his rational and minimize his irrational thinking.
rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT).
By creating this model, Ellis was
able to frame the essential aspects of cognitive therapy into an accessible acronym that enabled its use by thousands of therapists and clients.
ABCDE Model
Meaning of ABCDE [model]
Activating event (A)
Belief (B),
emotional Consequence (C)
Dispute (D)
Effective new belief (E)
According to _____
irrational beliefs are toxic because they function as rigid, dogmatic demands that we apply
to ourselves
Albert Ellis
An important part of Beck’s theory of depression is his notion of the _______, in which he argues that three particular cognitions—thoughts
about the self, the external world, and the future—all contribute to our mental health.
cognitive triad
- a brief description of the event/situation,
- automatic thoughts about the event/situation (and the extent to which the client
believes these thoughts), - emotions (and their intensity),
- an adaptive response (identifying the distortion in the automatic thought and
challenging it), and - outcome (emotions after the adaptive response has been identified and the
extent to which the client still believes the automatic thoughts).
dysfunctional thought record
common thought distortions include the following:
- All-or-nothing thinking
- Catastrophizing
- Magnification/minimization
- Personalization
- Overgeneralization
- Mental filtering
- Mind reading
Irrationally evaluating everything as either wonderful
or terrible, with no middle ground or “gray area”
All-or-nothing thinking:
Expecting the worst in the future, when, realistically, it’s
unlikely to occur
Catastrophizing:
For negative events, “making a mountain out of a molehill”; for positive events, playing down their importance
Magnification/minimization:
Assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events
Personalization:
Applying lessons learned from negative experiences more
broadly than is warranted
Overgeneralization:
Ignoring positive events while focusing excessively on
negative events
Mental filtering:
Presuming to know that others are thinking critically or
disapprovingly, when knowing what they think is, in fact, impossible
Mind reading:
Beck argued that our beliefs are ______, even though we may live our lives as if our beliefs are proven facts
hypotheses
What are the Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies
- “third-wave” therapies, referring to the evolution
- from strict behaviorism (first wave)
- to cognitive therapy (second wave) to these newer
therapies
Mindfulness lies at the core of the ____-wave therapies
third-wave
“refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to
whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or ‘hooked’
by judging or wishing things were otherwise”
Mindfulness
“an innate human capacity to deliberately pay full attention
to where we are, to our actual experience, and to learn from it. This can be
contrasted with living on automatic pilot and going through our day without
really being there”
Mindfulness
mindfulness is the term that often replaced ___ (this practices became more popular in the Western world and became less connected to religion practices or meditation)
Zen
Once the relationship with thoughts is changed in this way, individuals may find it easier to face unpleasant thoughts (or feelings or sensations) rather than avoiding them. That is, rather than engaging in ___________, as third-wave therapists call it, the individual can engage in acceptance
experiential avoidance
is an approach to the treatment of addictive behaviors such as
smoking or drinking, or any other behavior in which clients struggle with unwanted urges, that encourages clients to relate differently to their urges than they have before
Urge surfing
The goal of this approach is not to stop, suppress, or fight the urges, as other forms of therapy might encourage; instead, the goal is to experience them, to “ride” or “surf” them like a wave that will rise and then inevitably subside, and to realize that they are temporary and not all-powerful.
urge surfing
in this therapy, acceptance means facing one’s internal fears.
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).
The C in ACT refers to??
a commitment to one’s own personal values
The A in ACT refers to??
Acceptance
T in ACT refers to??
taking action consistent
with one’s own personal values
FEAR stands for
- Fusion with inner experiences (thoughts, feelings, and sensations)
- Evaluation of self
- Avoidance of unpleasant inner experiences via such means as distracting or numbing oneself
- Reason-giving, or leaning too heavily on rationalizations that sound legitimate
but actually perpetuate unhealthy approaches to life.
was developed by Marsha Linehan specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was developed by ??
Marsha Linehan
A few core practices are central to DBT:
problem solving, validation, and dialectics
The primary idea is that the activating event can be a cognition itself rather than some external occurrence.
metacognitive therapy
based on metacognitive therapy, the cause of our unhappiness is just as
likely to be ___________ as thoughts about external events
thoughts about thoughts
It is a relatively recent variation of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapy intended for clients who have borderline personality disorder or other long-standing,complex clinical issues.
Schema therapy
they are likely to develop schemas, or deep-seated cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others, that match their experience but are maladaptive as they move forward in life.
when young children experience
poor parenting (such as parents who are rejecting, unloving, abusive, unavailable, etc.)
These thoughts take place in an instant
and without any deliberation.
Automatic thoughts
Clients are asked to keep a record of events, cognitions, feelings, and attempts to revise the cognitions to change the feelings they experience.
Homework is written
Clients are asked to perform certain behaviors before the next meeting, typically for the purpose of examining the validity of an illogical thought.
Homework is behavioral
Emotional dysregulation is thought to stem from two sources: ________________- and ______________.
biological predisposition and environment
The four specific modules of skills training within DBT
- Emotion regulation
- Distress tolerance
- Interpersonal effectiveness
- Mindfulness skills
a specific module skill training within DBT, which is about identifying, describing, and accepting rather than avoiding
Emotional regulation
a specific module skill training within DBT, which is about emphasizing the development of self-soothing techniques and impulse control
Distress tolerance
a specific module skill training within DBT, which helps clients determine appropriately assertive social skills
Interpersonal effectiveness
a specific module skill training within DBT, which encourage clients to engage fully in their present lives
Mindfulness skills
It is a term that describes a brooding, ruminative, problematic thinking style that can underlie many psychological problems.
Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS)
